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ig illustrated by a series;of products taken from the different stages of the progess as 
carried on by the Pacific Guano Company of Boston and Charleston. The series con- 
sists of specimens of raw rock, the crushed and ground rock, sulphur, niter, and sul- 
phurie acid, the rock treated with acid, sulphate of ammonia, fish-scrap, Strassfurth 
potash salts, and the mixture of the last four in the finished products. 
This series is followed by another, consisting of samples of the products put upon 
the markets by different manufacturers. 
We now come to the second grand division of our collection, which is subdivided 
into different groups as follows ; 
1. Cereals and the products resulting from their utilization. 
2. Materials illustrating the production of sugar. 
3. Products illustrating the processes of fermentation and, distillation of amylace- 
ous and saccharine substances. 
. Products illustrating the preparation of tobacco for consumption. 
. Tanning and dyeing materials. 
. Materials resulting from the dry distillation of vegetable products. 
. Production of vegetable oils. 
. Preservation of fruits and vegetables, and vegetable products prepared for, food, 
. Products of the American Materia Medica, and the active proximate principles 
separated from them. 
The utilization of cereals consists in the manufacture of flour, meal, and starch. 
The manufacture of flour consists of the production of meal from the grain by 
grinding, the separation of the flour (the amylaceous and glutinous constituents) from 
the bran (cellulose) by sifting, and the further purification of the flour. by special 
methods. These processes are illustrated by means of specimens of materials obtained 
in the production of flour and meal from wheat, rye, corn, and buckwheat. The pre- 
paration of the cereals for food by other methods is illustrated by specimens of the 
finished products obtained by means of them. Among these products may be enumer- 
ated hulled corn or samp, hominy, wheaten grits, steam-cooked and desiccated 
grains, including wheat, barley, and oats, either in the whole grain, or the crushed 
grain and meal. The further utilization of grain in the manufacture of starch consists 
of the separation of the amylaceous constituent from the glutinous, and this is effected, 
in two ways, by fermentation and by washing with dilute alkaline solutions. The 
first method is the one more generally employed for manufacture of starch for laundry 
purposes, sizing, and conversion into gums and starch substitutes. | The second method, 
while it is also employed for manufacture of laundry starch, is particularly employed 
in the purification of starch for the purposes of food. 
The fermentation method is represented by a series of samples taken from different 
stages of the process as carried on by O. A. Taft, jr., & Co., of Providence, R. 1.3 i e., 
meal, meal in process of fermentation, washed. starch, dried and fully erystallized 
starch, and ground starch. Following these specimens are others representing manu- 
facture of gums and starch substitutes from starch by various methods. 
The washing process is represented by samples of finished products furnished by 
Kingsford & Co., of Oswego, N. Y., and by Duryea & Co., of New York City; but speci- 
mens from the intermediate stages are not shown, from the fact that the details of the 
method employed are not made public. The collection also contains samples of starch 
manufactured from potatoes. 
The second group of this grand division contains samples of material designed to 
illustrate the manufacture of sugar. The sources from which this important product 
is obtained are the sugar-cane, the beet-root, and the sap of the sugar-maple. 
The process of manufacture of sugar from, the cane, as carried on in this country, 
cousists of four stages, viz: separation of the juice ; concentration of the juice; sepa- 
ration of raw sugar by crystallization and filtration; purification of the raw sugar. 
The samples exhibited in this group consist, therefore, of materials taken from the 
different stages here named, and placed alongside the product from each stage of the 
process of manufacture is a model of the machinery employed. 
The beet-sugar industry is represented by manufactured products alone, on account 
of the difficulty experienced in securing samples of the products resulting from the 
process employed. 
The production of maple-sugar is represented by samples of raw and purified sugar, 
and by photographs of maple forest and concentrating-house, showing the methods of 
collecting and concentrating the sap. 
The third group represents the processes of fermentation and distillation for pro- 
duction cf alcoholic liquors, and embraces two subdivisions, viz : 
1. Alcoholic liquors produced by fermentation of amylaceous substances, (graivs.) 
2. Alcoholic liquors produced by fermentation of saccharine substances, (fruits. ) 
These subdivisions may be still further divided into— 
1. Products resulting from simple fermentation; and, 
2. Products resulting from distillation of fermented materials. 
Under the head of simple fermentation of amylaceous substances we have the pro- 
CO O02 SD OS 
