2860 < | be 
677,740 were workers in metal, stone, and wood, 505,772 being in the 
Austrian provinces; 330,285 in the manufacture of chemicals, articles of 
food, and tobacco, of which 248,000 were in Austrian provinces; $90,951 
in textile manufactures, of which 797,398 were in Austrian territory ; 
478,704 were engaged in manufactures of leather, paper, &c., 307,794 
being in the Austrian dependencies; 244,487 were engaged in oceupa- 
tions outside of industrial production, of which 178,842 were in the 
Austrian territory. Of the total of the foregoing classes, 2,920,280, 
about 77 per cent., or 2,273,316, were in the Austrian half of the empire, 
leaving but 616,964, or 23 per cent., in the Hungarian halt. 
The empire is girt around with a line of custom-houses for the taxa- 
tion of foreign imports, but no province lays any impost upon the prod- 
ucts of other portions of the half of the monarchy to which it belongs. 
Either half may levy upon the imported productions of the other a duty 
no greater than is imposed upon the same articles produced at home. 
Commercial treaties with foreign states impartially distribute their ad- 
vantages to both halves of the empire. Standards of money, weights 
and measures, laws of navigation, sanitary regulations, railway, post, 
and telegraph laws, &c., are uniform throughout the empire. Citizens 
of either division are entitled to the immunities of the other. No re- 
strictions are imposed upon the trades, except that foreigners must take 
out license to work in a few select ones. This license is to secure special 
qualifications for those trades. The imports of the empire rose from 
158,100,000 florins in 1851 to 588,600,000 florins in 1874, and the exports 
from 136,600,000 florins to 408,200,000 florins. A florin is $0.4803, 
Chambers of commerce have been organized in all sections of the em- 
pire. 
The aggregate length of canals and navigable rivers in 1870 was 6,263 
miles; of turnpike and other roads, 61,846 miles. The railway lines: 
have an aggregate length of about 6,000 miles, carrying over 30,000,000 
passengers in 1874, of whom only 11 were injured by accidents. The 
postal system embraces 6,253 post-offices, and the number of letters 
carried in 1874 was 286,000,000, besides 29,000,000 of postal cards. The 
money or its substitutes carried during the year amounted to nearly 
$21,000,000. The aggregate length of telegraph-line was over 65,000 
miles. All other institutions of civilization have broad development. 
