82 On Fruit and Fruit Trees. 
ter, many years ago by the learned and i ee ge CH 
cellor Livingston. . 
The greatest enemy to fruit trees in this part of the 
country, is the catéerpillar, My mode of destroying them 
is to go early in the morning, and twist their nests out 
of the trees with a stick or pole, which I find is readily 
done; and that it is negligence or rather laziness in a 
farmer, to suffer his orchard to be much hurt by catter- 
pillars. 
The dose gravelly svii,1 consider from all my observa- _ 
tions, best suited for an apple orchard ; and that a high 
and airy situation produces the largest fairest fruit.— A 
north aspect is most secure from the late frosts in the 
spring, as the trees do not come forward so early. 
. The best manure that I have experienced for the ap- 
ple tree, is horse dung and hitter, to keep the ground 
round the tree loose, and free from sod. 
I generally prune all my kinds of fruit trees: whether 
any kinds answer better without, I have not experienced, 
I have been acquainted with tlie bitter-rot in Vande- 
vers, and some other apples for at icast 40: years, and 
have endeavoured to discover the cause and prevention, 
which I considered that 1 had done, as follows. 
I had observed that rot to prevail most in wet damp 
seasons, and on trees with the thickest closest tops and 
least exposed to a free air. 
I considered it a kind of mildew or mould, that pene- 
trated the skin of some kids of apples more than 
others; as I have discovered on the skin of other kinds 
of apples (when that rot prevailed) large black spots. 
