THE MICROSCOPE. 153 



plaints. He requests his students to look through the several micro- 

 scopes arranged on the table. Upon one instrument was seen epi- 

 thelial cells, such as are often met with in the acute form of renal 

 dropsy; as in that which follows scarlet fever, and in that which 

 sometimes follows exposure to wet and cold. In another was seeir 

 granular casts, with a few waxy casts, such as are generally found 

 in urine in that form of chronic renal disease which ultimately pro- 

 duces wasting and shrinkage of the kidneys. Under two micro- 

 scopes were tube casts which occur in urine in those cases of that 

 form of chronic disease which tends to the permanent enlargement 

 of the kidneys, rendering them either fatty or waxy, viz., fatty or 

 waxy casts. Then again were seen tube casts which may occur in 

 urine when severe hemorrhage takes place in the kidneys, and so 

 on. In another lecture he says: "Further aid in the diagnosi.^ 

 between renal and vesical hemorrhage may be obtained by aid of 

 the microscope. If the blood comes from the bladder we may see 

 more or less of vesical epithelium mixed with the blood particles. 

 This form of epithelium is flat, scaly and sufficiently easy distin- 

 guishable from that of the kidney, which would be more likely to 

 be present when the hemorrhage originates in that organ. The 

 renal epithelium being more or less globular and frequently accom- 

 panied by and entangled in small casts of the uriniferous tubes. 

 When either kidney is the source of the blood we often find under 

 the microscope casts of the uriniferous tubes, formed of coagulated 

 blood, blood casts, as they have been termed." 



Speaking of pus in the urine, after explaining the manner by 

 which it may be detected by ocular and chemical means, he adds: 

 For an additional and unequivocal test of pus you must look to 

 its physical condition. With the microscope the pus corpuscle is 

 readily recognized. " If a specimen of urine contain albumen, 

 that substance may be derived from the liquor puris and may there- 

 fore be indicative of the presence of pus, or it may be due to the 

 escape of serum only, as occurs in the various forms of chronic 

 renal disease. This point may be at once settled as regards the 

 presence of pus by examining a drop of the turbid urine under the 

 microscope, when we shall not fail to recognize the pus if this 

 product be present in the urine." And I might add the prepara- 

 tion is not too old. This use of the microscope in detecting the 

 pus corpuscle alone is so far reaching in its value as to warrant the 



