The Microscope. 41 



All the figures, except Fig IX, were drawn from photographs made by the 

 author, and in his possession. The sections were borax-carmine stained ; Car- 

 butt's instantaneous plates were used for making the negatives ; B. & L. f and 

 5^ ol)jectives, student series, and J. W. Queen & Co.'s yj oil immersion were 

 used for photogra[)hing. Fig. JX was drawn by means of a camera-lucida. 



CYTOLOGY, OR CELLULAR BIOLOGY. 



II. METHOD OF CYTOLOGY. 



REV A. M. KIRSCH, C. S. C, 



PROFESSOR OF BIOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NOTRE DAMF. 



IN the first paper on Cytology it has been indicated that the 

 method of studying Cellular Biology must be above all 

 practical. No lesson in Cytology can be given outside of a micro- 

 scopical laboratory, where every student is required to make his 

 own preparations as is necessary for the proper understanding of 

 the professor's instructions. 



It would certainly be a ridiculous pretention to imagine that 

 one can give theoretical instruction in Cytology to students who 

 never have seen a cell or who never will see one during such a 

 course. Such instruction could never produce any intellectual 

 fruit. It may be of interest to many to know the manner of 

 proceeding in a lesson in Cytology. Here is briefly the pro- 

 gramme observed in every seance in the Cytological laboratory 

 of Prof Carnoy at the University of Lou vain. 



First, the professor announces briefly the subject of the lesson, 

 then the material is distributed and a few indications are given 

 as. to the manner of preparing it. Then begins at once the stu- 

 dent's personal work. 



Next, the professor and his assistants, of which there are as 

 many as five or six, })ass from microscope to microscope and 

 control, correct and direct the work of every student. Questions 

 are asked and alternately answered by student or professor, and 

 thus during a five minute's conversation, the students gain more 

 real knowledge than they would in an hour's lecture. 



The professor's chief endeavor is to awaken in the student a 

 spirit of observation, a certain relish for personal work, and some- , 

 times an enthusiam which produces happiest results ; thus every- 

 one is initiated into the true scientific method of acquiring 

 knowledge. 



Every student is required to draw the object according to his 

 own preparation, and this gives him a means of comparison be- 



