248 PROGRESS OF MICROSCOPICAL SCIENCE. 



tliese soundings one species of BotaUna and one other Foraminifer 

 occiuTed. 



" ' At 150 futlioms, between Kerguelen and Heard Island, tlie 

 bottom was composed of basaltic pebbles. Tlie bottom at Heard 

 Island was much tbe same as at Kerguelen. 



" ' The sample obtained from a dejjth of 1260 fathoms, south of 

 Heard Island, was quite different from anything we had previously- 

 obtained. It was one mass of Diatoms, of many species ; and, mixed 

 with these, a few small Glohigerince and Eadiolarians, and a very few 

 crystalline particles. 



" ' The soundings and dredgings while we were among the ice in 

 1675, 1800, 1300, and 1975 fathoms, gave another totally distinct 

 deposit of yellowish clay, with j)ebbles and small stones, and a con- 

 siderable admixture of Diatoms, Eadiolarians, and Glohigerince. The 

 clay and i^ebbles were evidently a sediment from the melting icebergs, 

 and the Diatoms, Eadiolarians, and Foraminifera were from the 

 surface-waters. 



" ' The bottom fi'om 1950 fathoms, on our way to Australia from 

 the Antarctic, was again exactly similar to that obtained in the 

 1260-fathoms soundings south of Heard Island. The bottom at 1800 

 fathoms, a little farther to the north (lat. 50^ 1' S., long. 123" 4' E,), 

 was again pure " Glohigerina-ooze," composed of Orbulince, Glohigerince, 

 and Pulnnulince. 



" ' The bottom at 2150 fathoms (lat. 47° 25' S., long. 130° 32' E.) 

 was similar to the last, with a reddish tinge ; and that at 2 GOO fathoms 

 (lat. 42° 42' S., long. 134° 10' E.) was reddish clay, the same which 

 we got at like depths in the Atlantic, and contained manganese 

 nodules and much decomposed Foraminifera.' 



" Mr. Murray has been induced, by the observations which have 

 been made in the Atlantic, to combine the use of the towing net, at 

 various depths from the surface to 150 fathoms, with the examination 

 of the samples from the soimdings. And this double work has led 

 him to a conclusion (in which I am now forced entirely to concur, 

 although it is certainly contrary to my former opinion) that the bulk 

 of the material of the bottom in deep water is, in all cases, derived 

 from the surface. 



" Mr. Mm'ray has demonstrated the presence of Glohigerince, 

 Pulvinulince, and Orhulince throughout all the upper layers of the sea 

 over the whole of the area where the bottom consists of ' Globigerina- 

 ooze ' or of the red clay produced by the decomposition of the shells 

 of Foraminifera ; and theii" appearance when living on the surface is 

 so totally different from that of the shells at the bottom, that it is 

 impossible to doubt that the latter, even although they frequently 

 contain organic matter, are all dead. I mean this to refer only to the 

 genera mentioned above, which practically form the ooze. Many other 

 Foraminifera imdoubtedly live in compai-atively small numbers, along 

 with animals of higher groups, on the bottom. 



" In the extreme south the conditions were so severe as greatly to 

 interfere with all work. We had no arrangement for heating the 

 work-rooms; and at a temperature which averaged for some days 



