152 



the Sivaliks. Rhinoceros platyrMmis, palcmndicus and 

 Sivalensis are Sivalik species. Rhinoceros Perimensis is 

 peculiarly the Perim form. The Hippotherium is common 

 to both localities. The Sivatkerium is exclusively confined 

 to the Sivalik Hills, and the Bramailierium to Perim. 

 Camelopardalis Sivalensis has been discovered in both 

 places. Camelus Sivalensis has not been detected in 

 Perim. The gigantic tortoise, Colossochelys Atlas, ranged 

 from Perim to Ava. 



As regards the distribution of land and sea during this 

 epoch we can, of course, merely conjecture. Dr. Falconer 

 tells me he is of oj^inion that the triangle formed by the 

 Eastern and Western Ghauts and the Vindhya Mountains 

 was formerly an island. From the base of this triangle a 

 northern prolongation was throAvn off in the Aravelli 

 range, with various insular interruptions and rocky islets, 

 as far as Hurrianah in the Delhi district. There were 

 two gulfs, one occupying the Yalley of the Ganges, the 

 other of the Indus. A coast line of a numraulitic sea ran 

 along the base of the Hala Mountains (on the west of the 

 Indus) up to Peshawur into the Hindoo Coosh, where it 

 turned eastward along the Himmalayas as far as Sylhet. 

 The emergence took place early in the Miocene period, 

 and the valley of the Ganges has not been submerged 

 since. 



Over this land, then, were spread immense and mag- 

 nificent forests, and the densest jungles, in which roamed 

 herds of Mastodons, Elephants, and Rhinoceri. In lakes, 

 whose banks were clothed with the rankest vegetation, 

 and whose waters were croAvded with aquatic plants ; 

 and in rivers, rushing seaward to poiu- their tepid streams 

 into gulfs in which prowled vast shoals of sharks, the 

 Dinotherium and Hippopotamus sported and luxuriated — 

 the former uprooting with his rake-like teeth the succu- 

 lent aquatic plants which constituted his food. Here, 



