372. NOTICES OF THE MEETINGS [Feb. 10,” 
distinguishing its dental formula from that of the Old World 
monkeys and man. 
With regard to the Human Dentition, the discovery, by the 
great poet Goethe, of the limits of the premaxillary bone in man, 
leads to the determination of the incisors, which are reduced, as in 
Apes and Monkeys, to two on each side of both jaws; the con- 
tiguous tooth shows by its shape, as well as position, that it is the 
canine; and the characters of size and shape have also served to 
divide the remaining five’teeth in each lateral series into two 
bicuspids and three molars. In this instance, as in the dentition 
of the bear, the secondary characters conform with the essential 
ones. But since we have seen of how little value shape or size are, 
in the order Carnivora, in the determination of the exact homolo- 
gies of the teeth, it is satisfactory to know that the more constant 
and important character of development gives the requisite certi- 
tude as to the nature of the so-called bicuspids in the human 
subject. The condition of the teeth was shown in the jaws of a 
child of about six years of age. The two incisors on each side are 
followed by a canine, and this by three teeth having crowns re- 
sembling those of the three molar teeth of the adult. In fact, the 
last of the three is the first of the permanent molars; it has 
pushed through the gum, like the two molars which are in 
advance of it, without displacing any previous tooth, and the 
substance of the jaw contains no germ of any tooth destined to 
displace it: it is therefore, by this character of its development, 
a true molar, and the germs of the permanent teeth, which are ex- 
posed in the substance of the jaw between the diverging fangs of 
the two anterior molars, prove them to be temporary, destined to 
be replaced, and prove also that the teeth about to displace them 
are premolars. According, therefore, to the rule previously laid 
down, we count the permanent molar in place, the first of its 
series, and the adjoining premolar as the last of its series, and 
consequently the fourth of the typical dentition; the next pre- 
molar in advance being the penultimate or third of the typical 
series. 
We are thus enabled, with the same scientific certainty as that 
whereby we recognise in the middle toe of the foot the homologue 
of that great digit which forms the whole foot, and is encased by 
the hoof in the horse, to point to the second bicuspid in the upper 
jaw, and to the first molar in the lower jaw of man, as the homo- 
logues of the great carnassial teeth of the lion and tiger. We also 
conclude that the teeth which are wanting in man to complete the 
typical molar series, are the first and second premolars, the homo- 
logues of those which were marked in the diagram of the den- - 
tition of the bear, The characteristic shortening of the maxillary 
bones required this diminution of the number of their teeth, as ~ 
well as of their size, and of the canines more especially ; and the 
still greater curtailment of the premaxillary bone is attended with 
