is 



proof of tliisj several specimens were produced of hieroglyphic, 

 Coptic, and demotic writing upon leaves as well as papyrus. In 

 the fifth century papyrus became very scarce and dear, parch- 

 ment was therefore much substituted, untd that also became 

 scarce, when the manufacture of paper was introduced into 

 Europe, about the tenth century. This, as compared with the 

 preparation of papyrus, was an entirely new and much more 

 artificial process, borrowed apparently from the Chinese, who 

 had practised it long before. Cotton appears to have been 

 first employed, and tins was soon followed by linen rags, 

 which were certainly used in Europe before the year 1300." 



Mr. Yates here produced a very valuable Greek manuscript 

 of Chrysostom's Homilies, written in the twelfth century, upon 

 linen paper of the very best description. Many specimens of 

 excellent paper are to be found in our manuscript libraries, 

 written at all periods during the two following centuries. 

 On the invention of printing in the fifteenth century, parch- 

 ment or vellum was occasionally employed, but the article 

 most in use was linen paper of the best and firmest texture, 

 such were the works executed by Guttenburg and Faust, in 

 Germany ; by Sweynheyn and Panmartz, in Italy ; and by 

 many illustrious typographers who immediately followed them. 

 After a brief interval appeared Aldo Manuzio, the learned and 

 indefatigable printer of Venice, who gave to the world the 

 Principes Editiones of the most celebrated Greek authors, 

 besides numerous Latin and Italian works. These were all 

 printed in the clearest type, and upon paper remarkable for its 

 beauty and strength. Among the papers used by the printers 

 of the sixteenth century, that of Plantin, of Antwerp, towards 

 its conclusion, may be honourably mentioned. 



Most of the papers manufactured during all these periods 

 have the impression of water-marks, varying according to the 

 fancy of the maker (as at present), and these are frequently 

 found useful in fixing the age of undated manuscripts. From 

 the ancient device of a jug or pot, of a post-horn, of a fool's-cap, 



