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their kind, that they can only be accounted for upon the 

 principles of what is called instinct. At the same time they 

 admit, that while man possesses instincts in common with the 

 inferior animals, they are not altogether excluded from acting 

 with design : in other words, that in some few and perhaps 

 rare instances, they may and do afford proofs of the existence 

 of reasoning faculties. Two extremes have found advocates — 

 some ascribing all to instinct, and denying the existence of 

 reason ; others attributing their various acts to reason almost 

 exclusively, and resolving the various instincts into it. The 

 supporters of these extreme views, however, are not numerous 

 in the intellectual circles of any country. 



" The views winch are advocated in the following remarks 

 do not coincide exactly with either of these doctrines ; but, 

 rejecting both extremes, I shall try to prove that reason ope- 

 rates somewhat more extensively than is generally supposed, 

 even by the learned ; and that the practice of judging the 

 acts of different animals by different standards, is totally 

 unwarranted by any species of induction or philosophy. 



" In the first place, then, it must be obvious to the most 

 cursory observer, that the compounded relation of body and 

 mind is of necessity common to ^/Y animals. The body, with- 

 out the mind, is a piece of inert putrefying matter. The 

 mind, apart from the body, cannot be recognised by us in the 

 usual way : it is immaterial, or, in other words, spiritual; it 

 possesses ideas and other qualities, and, in one instance at 

 least, it is immortal. But all animated beings coincide still 

 farther in the details of their structure, at least all the higher 

 grades — such as vertebrat ed animals — unquestionably do ; 

 having, as Shylock says, in comparing the Jew with the Chris- 

 tian, 'organs, dimensions, affections, senses, passions.' Differing 

 in the ihtl ur<>, as well as in the mm&er of their senses, they 

 have all some means of becoming acquainted with the external 

 world; they have nerves of motion and of sensation ; they can 

 seek their food ; and they can either avoid or repel danger. 



