the station assigned them ; and even the selfish and hated 

 wolf, like the leader of a band of highwaymen, assigns to 

 each of his fellows a station on the flank, head, or neck of the 

 noble steed. Now, every political economist knows that 

 commerce is little else than an immediate result of the division 

 of labour ; and though I have never seen a well authenticated 

 instance of interchanges taking place among the inferior 

 animals, I am prepared to believe that they do exist, and I have 

 no doubt that more accurate observations will bring such facts 

 to light. 



"From these accumulated facts, and from hundreds of 

 others which might easily be adduced, we are bound to infer, 

 that the inferior animals have a mode of communication known 

 to themselves; and therefore, that they possess in some degree, 

 the mental quality of abstraction. Nor need we wonder that 

 they know so little of our language, with its complicated 

 sounds, and immense variety of voice and intonation ; when 

 we, with all our advances in intellect, can interpret so little of 

 theirs; eveu when we know that they have nothing but natural 

 language. Yet an accurate observer of nature ; as the shep- 

 herd on the mountain, or an Indian in the forest, can acquire 

 a knowledge of these sounds, though he cannot, perhaps, equal 

 the vizier of Sultan Mahmoud, and actually tell what the owls 

 are conversing about. 



" But it is not enough to prove that the lower animals pos- 

 sess abstraction, like latent heat ; we must go a step farther, 

 and demonstrate that they draw inferences as regularly and 

 effectually as any disciple of Aristotle or Whateley. Thus, 

 when the dog has left his proper position, and stretched him- 

 self comfortably for a snooze on the rug, why does he start 

 and run howling out of the room when he sees you lift the 

 little whip ? He knows just as well as Campbell's wizard, 

 that ' coming events cast their shadows before/ and he acts on 

 the great philosophical principle, that ' similar causes will pro- 

 duce similar effects.' It is not necessary that the dog should 



