102 



"Others might be added to prove the position; but they 

 Would only be repetitions of the first. 



"The same phenomenon which is witnessed in man from 

 the results of disease, may be witnessed in animals in whom 

 the spinal cord has been artificially divided. I have seen a 

 frog, whose spinal cord has been cut through, exhibit signs of 

 greater apparent pain when pricked by a pin, or when its toe 

 was pinched, than one which was all right and perfect. One, 

 had the wound been covered, would have passed for a martyr 

 whom the cruel physiologists were torturing j the other, for a 

 quiet creature that was more dead than abve. The one, if its 

 foot was irritated, would begin to kick about its legs as if 

 swimming, while the other would give a jump and get away. 



" Other reptiles which have great tenacity of life show simi- 

 lar phenomena. I had two newts, upon which I was desirous 

 of making some observations, and to insure their freedom from 

 any unnecessary suffering I cut off their heads. I then pro- 

 ceeded to open the body, and was surprised to find my efforts 

 no bttle iuffuenced by the lively motions of the certainty 

 insensible creature. The feet were actively engaged in endea- 

 vouring to drive away the knife, and the tail went on moving 

 energetically, as if in the act of swimming. In the other, I 

 cut off both the feet and tail as well as the head, and was 

 interested to see that the tail, by itself, continued to undu- 

 late for at least twenty minutes after its separation. Of course 

 there could have been no pain felt by this member, any more 

 than by a man's leg after it had been amputated. 



" 'As far as insects are concerned it is certain, that not only 

 are free motions of the wings excited after decapitation, but 

 that some — the mole cricket, for example — are able to walk 

 for a considerable distance. Now, under these circumstances, 

 the spinal cord must either stimulate the muscles by volition — 

 which, it has been shown, does not exist — or by its proper 

 reflex power excited to action by the impression of a physical 

 agent upon the limbs/ 



