123 



witliiu narrower bounds. The Greek makes kuxSs beautiful into a 

 substantive in various ways : S Ka\6s, rh Ka\6v ; and in the plural ol kuKoI, 

 TO. Kaxd. In the German, we use as substantives, " Der Edle," " die 

 Edle," "das Edle-" and, in the plaral, ''die Edlen;" the plural of the 

 neuter cannot be formed, as it would coincide with the masculine, but 

 the German forms the feminine singular more freely than the Greek. In 

 Latin it is permissible to use the neuter singular and plm'al homnn, bona, 

 and the masculine plural boni ; but the masculine generally has a 

 substantive (vir, homo) vnth it. In Encjlish, we say the good in two 

 senses — 1st, as neutral singular, (the good that a man does) — and 2nd, 

 as masculine plural, (to be loved by the good.) It is not usual in 

 English to connect tlie possessive or demonstrative pronoun, or any 

 qualifying noun, with the adjective in the latter sense, and to say these 

 good for instance, to be loved by these good is desirable. Yet Milton 

 is very free in the transformation of adjectives into substantives, and 

 he does not liesitate to prefix qualifving adjectives or pronouns, as — 

 I. 70. " Such place elGinal Justice has prepared 

 For those rebellious." 



YI. 114. " Satan with his rebellious disappeared." 



V. 507. " The ruin of so many glorious once." 



V. 753. " From one entire globose, stretched into longitude." 



VI. 687. " These disobedient." 



V. 831. " Thee unjust." 



VI. 131. " Proud, art thou met?" 



II. 400. " The palpably obscure, and the vast abrupt." 

 From the contemplation of adjectives used as substantives, let us 

 turn to pronouus used substantively. In this respect tlie English 

 language labours under a similar disadvantage, owing to the want of 

 terminations. oStov and toDto, hie and hoc, dieser and. dieses, even 

 celui-ci and ce-ci point with suG&cient distinctness to the masculine 

 and neuter gender respectively. But the English " this" is not suscep- 

 tible of an inflexionable characteristic for dififerent genders. It is, 

 therefore, appropriated by the neuter alone. We say, " This is good ;" 

 meaning not Jits person but this thing. But Milton breaks through 

 this limitation, and boldly says : — 



V. 799. *' Much less for this to be our Lord." 

 It is usual to avoid this ditficulty by saying this one, when persons 

 are meant. How others look upon this remedy, I do not know. To 

 me, one and ones appear to be a pair of ugly crutches, which I should 

 be only too glad to throw away. But it is better to walk with crutches 

 than to stumble or to fall. 



From the use of adjectives and pronouns as substantives flows 

 naturally that of the so-called partitive genitive. It will appear, a 



