THE HLACK RASPBERRY. 47 



Mr. Hopkins: Earth, always. 



Mr. West: What time do you cover them. 



Mr. Hopkins: About October 20th this year. I would not 

 cover them until the first of November if I were sure the ground 

 would not be frozen. The canes are more pliable after a little 

 freezing. 



Pres. Underwood: How do you lay them dow^n? 



Mr. Hopkins: Draw them down. We always cover them 

 with spades. We cover the canes over entirely. We bend them 

 clear over and then cover them. This year we used the spad- 

 ing fork. 



Mr. Wedge. Do 3'ou bend them in the cane. 



Mr. Hopkins: In the cane. They will not stand bending in 

 the root. With blackberries it can be done. 



Pres. Underwood: Can't it be done with raspberries? 



Mr. Hopkins: It can't be done. 



Mr. Wedge: I should think those young canes would break 

 otT. 



Mr. Hopkins: We always pinch off the tips of the young 

 black raspberries and they throw out shoots, and then we di- 

 vide the hills and lay the shoots the way they lean. Blackber- 

 ries are more upright than the Souhegan raspberry. 



Mr. E. J. Cutts: Don't you cut them back. 



Mr. Hopkins: A little in the spring. If we want them to 

 propagate, we cut them in the spring to make them sprout; 

 we never touch them in the summer. 



Pres. Underwood: Do you hold up the vines in anyway? 



Mr. Hopkins: No, we cut them back enough in the spring 

 so we don't need to hold them up. Occasionally we do. but we 

 get out of it if we can. I think the wind whips them worse 

 where thej' are staked. The laterals on the old canes are about 

 eighteen inches long, and if they are staked it generally breaks 

 them right off. but if the old canes are allowed to swing it saves 

 them considerably. I had such an experience a year ago last 

 June; the wind pounded them very badly. 



Pres. Underwood: That is one reason why they require so 

 much room, to allow them to spread out. 



Mr. Hopkins: Yes, that is one reason. 



Mr. West: How many quarts do you get to the acre? 



Mr. Hopkins: Can't tell you. 



Mr. West: About how many? 



Mr. Hopkins: I can't tell you without looking up my books. 



Mr. West: About thi-oe thousaiur:' 



