ON THE APPENDICES GENITALES (CLASPER.S) IN THE SELACHIANS. 21 



ill the Structure of tliese animals indicate that the Holacephales by no means occupy a primitive 

 position among the Selachians. 



As to the skeleton of the ventral iu the female, the basale (in ChiiiKEra) has distally only one 

 small, tajD-like joint, standing both for the piece /^„ and the appendix-stem (1^) in the male'). 



What has been given in the earlier literature as to the skeleton of the ventral appendages in 

 Selachian.s, is generally only isolated descriptions without any real understanding; only Gegenbaur^) 

 and Petri have compared several forms, but neither of them has been able to recognise a 

 common type. Gegenbaur (I.e. p. 452) has interpreted the terminal pieces as modified rays, but on 

 account of the circumstances in the CliiincBra^ he indicates (p. 456) the possibility that they may be 

 parts separated from the stem-skeleton ; he does not know the marginal cartilages, and he has considered 

 several early stages of the skeleton as definitive forms of it. Petri quite correctly has seen that 

 the terminal pieces and marginal cartilages — which latter, however, he has not recognised in all 

 the species he has examined — are secondary structures, and have nothing to do with the rays; the 

 terminal stem-joint itself which I have called the appendix-stem {b]y he has interpreted correctly in 

 Raja^ but wrongh- in Acantliias and Scylliiii/ii) — the only Sharks examined by him — as well as in 

 Torpedo -t) (he has not examined Chiincrra). Some earlier authors have seen the piece /? in some 

 specimens, while it by others has been overlooked, or at 'all events has not been mentioned. Only 

 Gegenbaur and Petri have sought its origin in a transformation of other skeletal parts of the 

 fin 5). Gegenbaur does not mention it at all in Raja, Carcharias and Scyllmm^) but in Heterodontus 

 and Acaiithias (I.e. fig. 16 and fig. 19,/'), and in Cliiiiurra (fig. 23 /); in the last named it is interpreted 

 as a ray, but in the two former as belonging to the stem-skeleton?); accordingly Gegenbaur has not 

 seen that in Chiiiurra it is the same skeletal piece as in the Plagiostomes. Petri thinks it to be a 

 coalescence of basal jaarts of rays, being of opinion that it bears rays in Acautlnas and Torpedo; 

 accordingly in his figures he marks it /. This supposition, however, is wrong*'); I never found rays 



■) V. Davidoff (I.e. p. 473, pi. XXIX, fig. i9i 6) thinks it only to be corresponding to di. Unfortunately I have onh' 

 had occasion to examine skeletonized ventrals of Cliimmra 9> in which this joint was wanting, so that the fin-stem consisted 

 only of the basale. 



2) Ueber die Modificationen des Skelets der Hintergliedmaassen bei den Mannchen der Selachier und Chimaren. Jen. 

 Zeitschr. vol. 5, 1870, p. 452. 



3) In these Sharks Petri supposes the stem to end with a long and a short joint; in Acantliias as the short terminal 

 joint he has interpreted one of the terminal pieces (my piece Tv), in Scy/liiitn the soft end-style. 



4) As to Torpedo see p. 49. 



5) Bloch, M. E. : Von den vermeinten doppelten Zeuguugsghedern der Rochen und Haye. Schr. der Berl. Gesell- 

 schaft Naturf. Freunde, vol.6, 17S5 [Raja -clavata>^ \= radiata\); and: Von den verm, mannlichen Gliedern des Dornhayes, 

 ibid. vol. 8, 17S8, does not mention this piece in Acantliias, but in Raja, where he calls it: <der vierte Knochen des Schenkels >, 

 pi. IX, fig. 1,0. Cuvier (Duverno}^): Lemons d'anatomie comparee, 2 Ed., 1S46, vol 8, p. 306, designates it as iCalcaneuni- 

 in Raja; the same appellation is used, hkewise for Raja, by Moreau: Hist. nat. des Poissons de la France, vol. I, 18S1, 

 p. 249. I have not found it mentioned by other authors. 



•^j Of these three forms G. has only had quite young specimens, in which the secondarv' pieces had not yet devel- 

 oped. The fault made here by G. viz. to consider this stage as the full-grown state, and accordingly as an especially simple 

 form in these Plagiostomes, has already been corrected by Petri (I.e. p. 293). It is to be supposed, however, that the piece 

 /J had been developed in aU three forms, as in embryos of Acantliias of a length of only 15^'" it is already quite distinct and 

 relatively as large as in the full-grown animal. 



7) I am quite unable to understand the place in question (I.e. p. 451) in Gegenbaur; there is a regrettable discre- 

 pancy between the letters in the text, and those in the figures, and also, I think, a change of pieces, which makes the whole 

 confused; so much, however, is certain that the piece which in the figures 16 and 19 is marked b (my piece /S) does not in 

 Acanikias bear any ray; it never bears rays at aU. 



8) For further details see under Acantliias and Torpedo. ^Vhen Petri, to support his construction of this piece as 



