THE CAROLINIAN FAUNA IN NEW ENGLAND. 39 



are found only as stragglers, or not at all, on the 

 other." 



The northern border of the Carolinian Fauna, which 

 division Allen, Bicknell, Merriam, Purdie and others 

 have recognized, is at present open to some question. 

 The probability is, however, that it includes a portion 

 of southeastern New York, the whole of Long Island, 

 and a considerable part of Connecticut. So far as 

 New England is concerned, the Carolinian fauna may 

 be said, in a word, to include the valley of the lower 

 Connecticut River. Non-recognition of this fact has 

 led some writers, notably Dr. Brewer, to exclude from 

 the New England list several species which should 

 unquestionably be included. It may be assumed with 

 entire safety, as always insisted by Dr. Coues, that 

 any bird known to be found on New York, Long, or 

 Staten Island, is certainly also a bird of New England, 

 being sure to occur in that wedge of the Carolinian 

 Fauna which, as we have just seen, extends some dis- 

 tance up the valley of the Connecticut. New England 

 writers have not been always sufficiently impressed 

 with this conviction. Nearly if not quite all the spe- 

 cies which were included in Dr. Coues' list of 1868, 

 on the strength of this circumstance, have since been 

 actually detected in the region in mention, confirm- 

 ing the accuracy of such determination in the most 

 satisfactory manner. 



It will be obvious, from what has been said of the 

 three Faunas represented within the boundaries of New 

 England, that the manner and character of the pres- 

 ence of any species in New England can only be estab- 

 lished with due reference to the three diverse areas. 

 A bird may be only a summer visitor in one of these 



