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Sub-FAMILY PYCNONOTINAE (7rue Bulbuls) 
Are a well known and characteristic family of birds in Iidia. 
Bill is short, straight and depressed at the base ; rictal bristles more 
developed than former group ; tongue typically bifid in some, slightly 
pencilled in a few; plumage is dense and puffy, in most of the 
species. Ina number of these birds, an intermixture of hair-like, 
undevoloped feathers are found on the head and nape, more particu- 
larly, Crimeaer. True Bulbuls are arboreal in habits, preferring 
better wooded portions of the district, but they frequently visit 
more open country and come close to human habitations, gardens, 
and orchards. Whistle of this bird is a rich toned warble or call 
which has gotten for it, the Persian name bulbul meaning night- 
ingale. 
Genus Hypsipeles, head crested with lanceolate shaped feathers ; 
Inll lengthened and fairly strong, culmen slightly arched ; wing long 
4th and 5th quills the longest; tail more square in shape and longish: 
feet and legs very short; a few weak rictal bristles /lypsipetes 
present two types of birds, first has red bills with dark (black) 
plumage and the second, dark bills ; tail squarish in shape, with 
lighter plumage, more olive coloured in most species. 
(444) Hypstperes psAroipEs, Ilimalayan Black Bulbul, Phakki- 
pho of Lepchas is often met with below 5,000 feet I saw this bird 
occasionally on Ging Spur and more wooded slopes on sides of the 
hills. It is 11 inches in length ; plumage with grey on the wings and 
back ; the lower parts of the bird are lighter ; undertail coverts 
show a good deal of white ; crest black ; quills and tail tipped with 
black. Bill bright red ; legs red ; irides reddish brown. They feed 
on wild fruitand berries; at times on pollen, insects and sweet 
juices in flowers and blossoms. 
(447) Hypstperes McLELLANDI, Lufous-bellied Bulbul, seldom 
ascends over 2,000 feet clevation ; but can usually be observed in 
biggish munbers in the Teesta and Runjeet valleys, generally perched 
on trees by the river side. In spring these birds have a loud clear 
warbling call, pleasant to hear. In size this species is about 9 inches ; 
wing expanse [3 inches. The bright reddish brown on the breast, aids ” 
one to distinguish it, with yellowish colour on under tail-coverts, 
this latter marking is easier noticeable when the bird is not far off or 
ona tree over-head. Plumage, above, is oliye-green ; ear-coverts 
brownish ; head brown, crest with centres of the feathers pale ; 
underparts of body are whitish ; bill dull olive ; irides light brown. 
(448) Himixos FrLAVALA, Brown-cared Bulbul, is found a little 
below Darjeeling. I have seen these birds many times on trees be- 
side Takvar Road also near Pashok on the way to Kalimpong. — It 
is generally found about 5,000 feet elevation, On rare’ occasions I 
