30 BULLETIN 98, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 
The breeding bird of Egypt, Hirundo rustica savignii, while very 
different from Hirundo rustica rustica, is so close to the widely 
separated Hirundo rustica tytleri that individual variations overlap 
all the subspecific characters. Furthermore, Hirundo rustica tran- 
sitwa, from Palestine, is a connecting form between Hirundo rustica 
savignii and Hirundo rustica rustica. From the above statements it 
is obvious that all six of these forms of Hirundo are subspecies of 
Hirundo rustica. Their characters and ranges are as follows: ' 
1. Hirundo rustica rustica Linnaeus. 
[Mrundo] rustica LinNAEus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, vol. 1, 1758, p. 191 (Europe). 
Subspecific characters.—Size large; metallic blackish jugular band 
wide and usually not interrupted medially; posterior lower parts 
whitish, more or less tinged with rufous or isabella color. 
Type locality. Sweden (restricted by Hartert,1910 ?). 
Geographic distribution.—Breeds throughout Europe, and west to 
Iceland, east to western Siberia, Turkestan, and the Himalaya 
Mountains; south to Baluchistan, Persia, Asia Minor, Tunis, Algeria, 
and Morocco. Winters south to southern Africa, southern India, 
the southern Malay Peninsula, the Philippine Islands, and the 
Molucea Islands. Casual in Greenland. 
2. Hirundo rustica gutturalis Scopoli. 
Mirundo gutturalis Scorou, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr., pt. 2, 1786, p. 96 (“In 
Nova Guiana, p. 118, Tab. 76”). 
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hirundo rustica rustica, but 
much smaller; blackish jugular band usually divided by the chestnut 
of throat; posterior lower surface averaging more whitish. 
Type-locality.—Antigua, Panay Island, Philippine Islands. 
Geographic distribution.—Breeds in northeastern Asia, north to 
the Siberian provinces of Amur, Transbaikalia, and Irkutsk; west to 
Irkutsk and northern China; south to northern China and to Korea; 
and east to Japan. Winters south to southern India, the Malay 
Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, the Molucca Islands, New Guinea, and 
occasionally northern Australia. 
3. Hirundo rustica tytlert Jerdon. 
Mirundo Tytleri Jervon, Birds of India, vol. 3, 1864, p. 870 (Dacca, Bengal 
India). 
Subspecific characters.—Similar to Hirundo rustica gutturalis, but 
rather larger; posterior lower parts rufous chestnut imstead of 
usually whitish; white spots on the rectrices, together with the 
concealed white subterminal portions of the dark feathers of the 
upper surface, more or less tinged with buff, instead of practically 
pure white. 
Type-locality.—Dacca, Bengal, India. 
1 For the synonymy of these birds, see Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., vol. 10, 1885, pp. 128-140; and 
Hartert, V6gel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, pp. 800-804. 
2 Vogel paliarctischen Fauna, vol. 1, 1910, p. 800. 
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