MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 69 
that there is no danger of winter-killing; that can be used in grafting the 
same as seedling roots, or it may be planted in the nursery row and top- 
worked at any desired height. we . 
A. STEWART. 
DISCUSSION. 
Mr. Harris :—These principles are steps in the right direction. 
The loss by cold is not above ground alone, but also below. This 
has not been admitted because some trees were killed that were 
covered root and branch. We must, however, have iron-clad trunk 
and top and root. 
Mr. Wilcox :—I disagree with the deaiceient that 75 per cent. of 
the seedling crabs fail. Crab roots are perfectly safe, but we use 
also the long scion to secure any additional safety that can be got. 
Mr. Stewart :—I base this statement on my own experience and 
observation of my neighbors. 
Crab Stocks. 
Mr. Jewell :—How to get hardy roots is the question. Crab 
roots are not of uniform hardiness; some are tender and others 
hardy. ‘Transcendent roots are hardier than Siberian crab roots. 
Why, then, use the tender crab root? Mr. Wilcox plants 18 inches 
deep, and then the scion takes root. Then why use crab roots when 
they are worked upon witb difficulty? Why not work on apple 
roots, using the long scion and setting deep in the orchard. It may 
be necessary to use crab roots for grafting above ground, but then 
take a hardy crab to begin with. 
Mr. Wilcox :—If we were sure of roots from the Transcendent 
there would be no use of working on crab roots, but we are not 
sure. So, as the crab root is hardier than apple root, we get this 
advantage of hardiness by using crab roots. (In answer to a ques- 
tion:) My soil is sandy, with a gravelly subsoil at a depth of 
about 18-20 inches, but it is not always reached in setting trees. 
We set deep, to be sure of getting roots from the Transcendent cion. 
We have got the result desired, and last summer the Trancendent 
fruited, as also some apples budded into it and making their second 
years growth. 
Cause of Injury in 1872-73. 
Mr. Pearce :—I doubt if the cold did the work in ’72-3. ‘Trees 
