“MINNESOTA STATE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 169 
three times, or until the bottom of the deadfurrow is about three 
feet below the level. Then, if the soil is naturally wet, or has a 
cold, retentive subsoil, it would be well to fill the deadfurrow with 
small stones, then backfurrow over it until it is covered from two 
to three feet deep—four feet would be better. This will leave a 
ridge over the covered drain, six feet from an open drain. The 
matter of the distance apart that these drains should be, is a sub- 
ject of argument, or rather, a matter of choice. By preparing the 
ground in this way the roots of the tree can run deep, and thus be 
protected from the long, severe drouths of summer, and the ex- 
treme cold of winter; for, with a loose, friable soil, the evapora- 
tion is less rapid during the long, protracted drouths which fre- 
quently occur during the early part of our summers. With such a 
soil the trees will make an early second growth, and mature their 
growth before the last of August. Any plan by which the planter 
can get a deeply-worked soil, thoroughly drained from below the 
frost, as likewise on the surface, will be sure to produce the desired — 
result—a healthy growth and well-ripened wood. 
22 
