58 - Annual Report. Ca oe 
The only impediment to the successful cultivation of the cabbage sank 
\ occasional prevalence of certain ‘‘worms" and other insects, which g 
erode the leaves, and in this way interfere with the compactness and vigor of its 
growth. Among the most injurions of these insects are ne larvee of two ¢ or three — 
butterflies, distinguished as the ‘‘ Cabbage Butterflies,’ or ‘‘ Garden Whites.” 
These butterflies are familiar to every one as they flit lazily am flower to kl 
sipping nectar, or hover in flocks over the cabbage or cauliflower beds intent on 
the more serious business of placing their eggs where their young can find sus- 
tenance. We have in this country two native and one imported species. The 
first of these, and the one which at present has the widest range, has been named 
the Southern Cabbage Butterfly (Pieris protodice, Boisd.) The popular name is 
clearly a misnomer, as it was bestowed upon it by Prof. Riley under the errone- 
ous impression that it occurred in destructive numbers only in the South and 
Southwest. 
This is our darkest species of Pieris, the body being black and both upper and 
under wings of the female being quite regularly checkered in gray, black and 
white. The sexes differ more in color in this than in any other of the species; 
the wings of the male being creamy white, with but five more or less distinct 
black spots on the outer half of the upper pair, while the under pair are plain white, 
The insect hibernates in the chrysalis state in some protected situation. The 
butterflies of fhe first brood make their appearance in May, and deposit their 
greenish-white, sub-conical eggs singly on the young cabbages and turnips, as 
well as on some wild cruciform plants, such as mustard, pepper-grass, (Lepidi- 
um) and cress (Arabis). The young larva is of a dull orange color, witha 
black head, but shows the characteristic lines and black dots immediately after 
the first molt. When full grown it measures about one and one-eighth inches, 
and is nearly cylindrical in form. The ground color is greenish blue, with four 
narrow longitudinal yellow stripes and a broad band of lilae along each side. 
The surface is roughened with numerous minute black spots from which preceed 
short, stiff hairs. It feeds for about three weeks, during which it molts four 
times. The chrysalis is attached by the tail and supported in an upright position 
by a band of silk around the middle, like those of the typical Papilios, which it 
likewise closely resembles in form. It is of a bluish-gray color dotted with black. 
The butterflies from the first brood emerge from their chrysalides in from eight 
to ten days, and immedlately proceed to place their eggs upon the now well- 
grown cabbages. The first brood is seldom numerous enough to do much dam- 
age, but the fall brood, being under favorable conditions very abundant, has 
destructive powers proportionately great, and often causes considerable loss in 
large fields. 
The only other species we have with us as a is the Potherb Butterfly (Pieris _ 
oleracee, Boisd.) This is a peculiarly northern species, being rarely found as 
far south as Pennsylvania in the East, and probably not much below the south- 
ern boundary of sur own state in the West, while it extends northward as far as 
Great Slave Lake, and possibly beyond. The butterfly has a black body covered 
with soft white hairs, and the wings are of an unspotted creamy white color 
slightly shaded with gray at the base and on the front edges, especially on the 
under surface. It lays its eggs usually three or four together, on the under sides 
of the leaves. The eggs are of a yellowish color, somewhat pear-shaped, and 
furrowed with longitudixal ribs. The larva is a velvety, dark green cylindrical 
worm, without spot or stripe. It changes to a pale green or whitish chrysalis 
ornamented with minute black dots. Tnere are two broods of worms during the 
