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Minnesora STATE HorTicuLTvrRAL SOciery, 81 
that were killed after coming into bearing by the hard winter. 
They were root-killed since they leaved out in the spring and then 
died. Had been thinking of the advantage of raising our own fruit 
to keep our money in the State. He said he was glad to have come. 
Was not disappointed, and promised any assistance he might be 
able to render in the Legislature. 
The paper of H. M. Thompson, on Uses of Evergreens, was read 
by the secretary, after which motion was made and carried to file 
for publication. The following is the paper : 
EVERGREEN TREES—THEIR USES AND MANAGEMENT. 
H. M. THOMPSON, ST. FRANCIS, MILWAUKEE COUNTY, WISCONSIN. 
The use of evergreen trees, and the extent to which they can be profitably 
planted, depends upon their adaptation for ornamental purposes, the value of 
the wood for economic uses, the extent of climatic modifications produced by for- 
ests, composed wholly or in part of evergreens, their adaptation to soil and local- 
ity, and in the knowledge, skill and care of the planter in sowing the seeds, the 
handling and planting of the trees, the form of planting, the subsequent cultiva~ 
tion and the management of the trees after becom.ng permanently established. 
For Ornament. 
In the use of evergreens for ornamental planting, their effectiveness will de- © 
pend upon the situation and the extent of the area, the kinds of trees used, and 
the system of planting. Grounds of limited extent admit either of group, or iso- 
lated planting. Ifthe trees are planted in groups, rapid growers, such as the 
Scotch, Austrian and white pines, the Norway and the white spruce, may be 
planted in the centre, and an admixture of slow growing kinds, such as the 
dwarf mountain pine, the arborvitz, the red cedar, and the known hardy dwarf 
varieties of the spruce, arborvite and the juniper species. 
In the isolated form of planting, the selection of the species and varieties will 
depend upon the area. The Austrian, Scotch and white pines, in favorable soils 
and situations will attain the height of 80 to 100 feet in 40 to 60 years, and 
require, therefore, a space of not less than fifteen feet in all directions horizon- 
tally from their base, to allow room for the development of the lower branches, 
and ensure a symetrical form of growth, which is essential to preserve the beauty 
of single specimens of trees. When the grounds or portions of the grounds are 
_too limited in extent to admit of the larger species, the dwarf species and vari- 
eties, can be planted singly or im small groups, due regard being had to the res- 
ervation of portions of the grounds, where the planting of flowering shrubs and 
dwarf deciduous trees will, by means of contrasts in form and foliage, add beauty 
to the display of nature in the summer, and enliven and brighten the winter 
scene, and thus afford pleasureable emotions, and shield the owner and the in- 
mates of his dwelling from the effects of the winter blasts, now so common on 
the treeless plains of this continent. 
6 
