THE STRUCTURES OF PITCHER PLANTS. 



stomata, or glands were found. There was only one other zone, which was 

 covered with the tubular trichomes as in Sarracenia, and had also a few 

 scattered stomata. This surface retained water when wetted, and it 

 extended for ten centimetres from the base of the tube. I failed as com- 

 pletely to obtain any evidence of a process of true digestion in Darling- 

 tonia as I did in Sarracenia. The lacunar spaces on the lip, having 

 brown nuclei, are probably nectaries. 



Cephalotus follicularis. — The amount of material at my command 

 for experiment in this case was limited, but what results I did obtain 

 were so decided that I think my conclusions are well founded. The 

 plants examined were all grown in this country. The pitchers of 

 Cephalotus seem to rest their base on the ground, and have three ridges 

 or wings, the outer two of which are fringed, and afford excellent guides 

 into the pitchers for insects creeping off the ground. The lid completely 

 covers the mouth, and in all the specimens which I have examined it is 

 very slightly raised from the lip, this arrangement, with the fluted struc- 

 ture of the lip, allowing the passage of only small insects. The pitchers 

 averaged about 25mm. in depth and fifteen in greatest diameter, 

 the development of erythrochrome being principally on the under surface 

 of the lid. On the unaltered leaves there is abundant erythrochrome on 

 the under surface and numerous stomata. Besides these there are 

 papillary prominences with deep crypt-like cavities. In a young leaf 

 the occurrence of transition forms between these craters and the stomata 

 make it certain that they are developed from the latter, and ought, there- 

 fore, to be regarded as additional respiratory organs. We might call 

 them tracheoles, for stomata are sometimes visible within them. On the 

 upper surface of the unaltered leaf the epithelium is of the sinuous kind, 

 and there are stomata sparsely distributed and multifid buds nearly sunk 

 under the epithelial surface. These buds are about -05mm. in diameter, 

 round, the cells being seen in many cases to have their protoplasm 

 divided into processes or even into distinct cells. On section of the leaf 

 they can be recognised by their brown colour, and can be seen to be only 

 modifications of ordinary epithelium, and that in their most complete 

 form they occupy a nest in the parenchyma, whilst the stomata 

 occupy the top of small papillary eminences. On the under 

 surface of the leaf they are also found, but there they are much less 

 numerous than on the upper surface, and the reverse is the case with the 

 stomata. This is one of many reasons which make me regard the upper 

 surface of the unaltered leaf as the representative of the inner surface of 

 the pitcher. On the outer surface of the pitcher stomata and buds are 

 numerous, especially the former ; but inside the pitcher there are no 

 stomata, and the buds can be seen enlarging into glands of great size and 

 importance. In a very young pitcher which I examined I really could 

 not tell, in a section, except for the curve, which was external and which 

 internal surface, for on both the buds were the same. But in the mature 

 pitcher the protoplasm in the buds is divided, and large compound 

 glands are to be found situated in cavities of the parenchyma, 

 which are lined by epithelium. Of these glands only the upper part 

 is presented above the surface, so that the appearances on 



