THE MICROSCOPE. 231 
hairs ; upper surface with branching hairs and scattered cup-shaped 
FOPORIG Gr Sots). PANS SRCRIRT nt. 2 shales pats 2a Rimage ae Paulownia. 
C Axils of the veins below bearing a fleshy, glandular scale ; 
margins of the veins with unbranched hairs, not glandular-tipped, 
Catalpa. 
C Axils of the veins below, or the cuticular surface above, or 
both, bearing numerous cup-shaped glands (d). 
D Veins and cuticular surface below with unbranched hairs, 
Pel enad lan bipped ty.) . (Le aac 3. ap lenddR-\A ae tel a aeiotet 2 Paulownia. 
D Veins and cuticular surface below with branching hairs, not 
glandular-tipped ; cup-shapa3d glands, chiefly on the upper surface, 
Trenton, N. J. Paulownia. 
THE BACTERIOLOGICAL HISTORY OF PNEUMONIA.* 
[Being a Part of the Chairman’s Report of the Section on the Practice 
of Medicine. | 
WILLIAM B. CANFIELD, A. M., M. D., 
CHIEF OF CLINIC FOR DISEASES OF THE CHEST, UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, ETC., BALTIMORE. 
HE pathology of the disease ordinarily called pneumonia, is by 
no means clear. Ever since investigators have begun to 
classify diseases from a different point of view, and to find out the 
exciting cause or organism which causes that particular disease, the 
subject of pneumonia has been the object of much study and 
speculation. From a clinical aspect, observers had noticed that 
pneumonia occasionally occurred in epidemics, and that “catching 
cold” did not always seem to account for its outbreak, as was 
evidenced principally in the immunity of sailors, who lead exposed 
lives. 
The literature of this subject is so extensive, and has increased 
so much in the last few years, that I shall only consider it hurriedly. 
Klebs,t Eberth,{ Koch,§ Salvioli,) Zaslein,{; Talamon** and others 
had found and described organisms in the lungs, pleura and kidneys 
of man, but Friedlinder}}+ was the first to describe what he sup- 
posed was the specific organism. It was a short bacillus, or, as he 
called it, coccus, surrounded by a zone, or capsule. He cultivated it 
* Read before the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland at its Ninety-first 
Annual Meeting, April 24, 1889. 
+ Archiv. f. Exp. Pathologie, Bd. IV, 1877. 
+ Deutsches Archiv. f. Klin. Medicin, Bd. XXVIII, 1881. 
§ Mittheilungen aus dem Kais. Gesundpheitsanet, Bd. I, 1881. 
|| Arch. per le Scienze Med., Vol. VIII, 18&4. 
{ Centralblatt f. d. Med. Wissenschaften, 1883. 
** Progrés Médical, 1883. 
++ Fortschritte der Medicin, 1883, S. 715. 
