232 THE MICROSCOPE. 
and was able to produce pneumonia in mice, but not in rabbits. 
His pneumonococcus, as he called it, was for several years looked 
upon as the specific organism of pneumonia. Frankel,* Weichsel- 
baum,+ Gamaleia { and Sternberg § in this country, have done the 
most important work in this direction up to the present time. 
It seems that in September, 1880, Sternberg,|| while engaged in 
certain investigations in New Orleans, injected a little of his own 
saliva beneath the skin of a rabbit as a contral experiment. To his 
surprise, the animal died, and in the blood was found a multitude of 
micro-organisms in pairs and chains. 
In 1881 Pasteur,4) in examining the saliva of a hydrophobic 
patient, injected some of it into a rabbit, and obtained similar organ- 
isms. Later, Frinkel ** followed out the same line, and concluded 
that this organism, which he called a diplococcus, was the specific 
organism of pneumonia, although he found occasionally other 
organisms present, and among these, at times, Friedlinder’s. 
‘Weichselbaum ++ reviewed the whole work and repeated the experi- 
ments, with no exact and definite results. He could not confirm 
any one specific organism, but thought the diplococcus was most 
frequently present in pneumonia, although he could not help 
thinking that several organisms might enter into the causation of 
pneumonia. Gamaléia{{ described the organism studied by him as 
the Streptococcus lanceolatus Pasteurt. He concludes that it is 
always found in fibrinous pneumonia in man, and that it can be 
demonstrated experimentally; it produced in animals partially 
refractory to the virus, as the dog and sheep, a fibrinous inflamma- 
tion of the lungs, but its pathogenic influence is held in check in 
those who are healthy by the action of the pulmonary phogocytes. 
J. Lipari §§ reproduced pneumonia in animals by intratracheal 
inoculation of pneumonic sputa, or of cultures of an organism 
having all the characteristics of Frinkel’s diplococcus. In all cases 
he found the same organism in great abundance in the hemorrhagic 
and sero-fibrinous pleural exudations, and in the hepatized pulmo- 
nary parenchyma, less abundant in the blood and spleen, inconstant 
~ *Centralblatt f. Bacteriologie u. Parasitenkunde, Bd. I, 8. 78,79. Zeitschrift f. Klin. 
Med., Bd. X, 8. 401. Deutsche Med. Wochensdirift, No. 13, 1886. Zeitschrift f. Klin. Med. 
Bd. XI, A. 5and 6. 
+ Centralblatt f. Bacteriologie u. Parasitenkunde, Bd. I, S. 297, 553, 587. 
+ Annales de I’ Institut Pasteur, t. II, No. 8, 27 Aout, 1887. 
§ London Lancet, March 2, 1889. New York Medical Record, March 16, 1889. 
| Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, June, 1886, p. 396. 
‘| Comptes Rendus, t. 92, p. 159. 
** Loc, citat. 
++ Loc. citat. 
tt Loc. citat. 
§§ 11 Morgagin, October, November, December, 1888. 
