PUTNAM ON PULVINARIA INNUMERABILIS. 315 



the seventh, and is not visible from the above except by two large trian- 

 gular subconical valves which cover the anus. (These anal valves are 

 developed from the conical bases of the setae in the young larva). The 

 anus is situated on the eighth segment and opens dorsally. I have not 

 seen the opening itself, but I have seen the excrement (so-called honey- 

 dew) ejected from it. 



The general ground color of the dorsal surface is pale yellow, and is 

 very prettily marked with deep red. A narrow margin all around, in- 

 cluding the anal fissure ill reddish; nearly parallel with this, and at a 

 distance from the margin nearly equal to the depth of the anal fissure 

 (approaching nearer the margin anteriorly) is another more irregular red 

 band ; this is connected with the margin by red cross bands as follows : 

 at the eyes, at each of the spiracular emarginations and five or six on 

 each side of the abdomen ; these cross bands are more or less faintly 

 continued toward the carina. Besides these there are indications of 

 more indistinct, intermediate cross bands,— and numerous reddish 

 specks over the entire surface. The dorsal carina is also reddish. The 

 principal cross bands above referred to have been generally supposed to 

 represent the divisions between the segments. 1 can not at present say 

 whether tliis is, or is not, the case, for when the sutures are rendered 

 visible by acetic acid, glycerine, potash, or otherwise, tlie colored bands 

 are at the same time rendered invisible. The entire dorsal surface is 

 covered with a thin layer of wax, not enough however, at this stage to 

 obscure the color. 



Two black eyes are present, one on each side of the head, equally vis- 

 ible from above or below, and are of the same structure as in the larva. 



The veyitral integument is pale whitish yellow, quite thin and somewhat 

 transparent, allowing the trachaea nearest the surface to be seen by re- 

 flected light, as long slender branching tubes. The divisions between 

 the segments are tolerably distinct, especially in the sternal region, as 

 all that portion of the under surface lying between the labium and vulva 

 and between the bases of the legs may be designated, while the re- 

 mainder of the under surface, except the head, forming a border nearly 

 as wide as the length of the anal fissure, may be considered as the epis- 

 ternal region. The episternum is quite flat, fitting closely to the leaf or 

 bark when the insect is at rest, while the sternum forms a shallow cavity 

 in which the feet rest when not in use. 



The structure of the head and of its different parts is not different 

 from that of the larva. The labium however appears a little more 

 strongly developed and is seen to bear at least six quite stout spines, 

 (figs. '65, a and 43,/.) 



The antenncB are inserted on the front as in the larva and are com- 

 posed of from seven to eight joints, of which the first is thickest and the 

 rest gradually tapering towards the extremity. The third joint is the 

 longest ; then the fourth, the eighth, the first, the second, the fifth, the 

 sixth and the seventh decreasing in length in the order named. In some 

 cases the seventh and eighth are represented by but one joint which is 

 then longer than the fourth, thus reducing the number of joints to 



