PUTNAM ON PULVINAEIA INNUMEEABILIS. 333 



color with antennae, legs and wings free but rudimentary. It is usually 

 found with its head directed towards tlie posterior end of its host, and 

 with its cast-off larval skin near the opposite end. There is generally 

 but one pupa present in one host at the same time, but in the gestated 

 female there are sometimes several. The larva Is an elongated soft 

 fleshy worm, of watery color, with articulations indistinct ; legs and 

 mandibles present, but exceedingly minute. It is more elongated in its 

 earlier stages. The egg is oval, nearly elliptical, less than twice as long 

 as broad. Not more than one or two eggs are deposited in the same 

 host. The figures of the pupa and the imago given by Miss Smith are 

 quite accurate. 



This parasite has been very numerous in this locality during the past 

 three years, and it has destroyed a very considerable proportion of the 

 Pulvinaricf which have escaped the lady beetles. There seem to be 

 two broods each year, appearing in May and August, with some interme- 

 diate stragglers. The alfected lice are easily recognized by being more 

 or less iiiHated, becoming much more elevated than their fellows, 

 finally turning to a pitchy black color and becoming hard and rigid. 

 Although most often found in the females, I have in a few cases 

 found them in undoubted male scales. During the summer while the 

 Pulvinaria is small the (Joccophagus makes its exit by pressing apart the 

 dorsal and ventral surfaces, but later when the Pulvinaria is larger, it 

 cuts a small round hole in the dorsal integument through which it 

 emerges. The manner of cutting this hole, I have observed in an allied 

 species inhabiting a large bark louse on the hickory, (Lecanium carya: 

 Fitch V) and is as follows : After gnawing from the inside until an 

 opening is made, the insect with its mandibles takes in as much of the 

 shell of its hosts back as possible, and makes a cut through ; it then 

 moves along and makes another cut just so as to be continuous with the 

 tirst cut. This continues until the piece thus separated becomes broken 

 off mainly by its own weight, when it is thrown oi^t, and a new series of 

 cuts is commenced. It continues in this manner to go round and round 

 the opening until the circular hole becomes large enough for it to get its 

 body through, in the meantime testing it occasionally to see if it is 

 suflflcient. 



5. I have on one occasion foimd two hymenoptorous pupae of yellow- 

 ish color in a female during the egg-laying season, and which evidently 

 belong to a different species from the last. 



ENEMIES. 



In addition to suffering from the attacks of the above parasites. Pul- 

 vinaria innumerahilis suffers great havoc from the attacks of various 

 predacious insects belonging to the Coleoptera, Neuroptera and Hemip- 

 tera. Among these I have observed the following : 



1. CMlocorus hivulnerus, Muls., a shining black hemispherical beetle, 

 about 5 ™™ in diameter, with a bright red sublunate spot on each elytron. 

 This beetle, with its grayish-black spiny larva, occurs in great abundance 



[Proc. D. A. N. S., Vol. II.] 44 [Jan. 1880,] 



