GEOLOGY OF EAST NOTTINGHAM. 83 



Nottingham District," (Sheet 71, N.E.,) he either did not observe this con- 

 glomerate at all, or mistook it to belong to the Bunter, for he mentions a 

 less important conglomerate, about 10ft. higher up in the Keuper, but 

 says nothing about the conglomerate at the bottom. This second con- 

 glomerate is well exposed in the section in Tui-ner Street, also in the 

 open ground at Belle Yue Terrace, at the top of Calcutta Street. Its 

 maximum thickness is l'2in., and it consists of small white and pink 

 sub-angidar quartz pebbles, flakes of line red marl, pebbles of pink and 

 white limestone, fine-grained light green sandstone, and bits of igneous 

 rock embedded, in one spot in calcareous fine yellow sand, in another in 

 calcareous greenish-white sandstone. Indeed, I found quartz pebbles 

 distributed more or less throughout the lower beds of the Keuper sand- 

 stone along Blue Belle Hill. 



With regard to the origin of the conglomerate forming the base of 

 the Keuper, it is, of course, weU not to attempt to draw conclusions in 

 geology from too Umited an area. There can be no doubt, however, that 

 in this conglomerate, with its associated irregidarly-stratified beds of 

 sandstone, we have the remains of an ancient sea-beach — the shore of 

 the sea in which the Keuper sandstone and clay were deposited. The 

 pebbles composing the conglomerate are all such as may be seen in the 

 underlpng Bunter ; the partially consolidated sandstone is easily recog- 

 nised as Bunter sandstone that has been bleached, then re-deposited, and 

 subsequently tinged with colouring matter. We know that the Bunter 

 sandstone formed the land surface over a large part of England driring 

 what was pi'obably a long interval, while the Muschelkalk of Germany 

 was being deposited. Thus the conglomerate probably represents a 

 gi-eat break in time in this part of England ; and the fact that the plane 

 of Bunter on which the conglomerate rests is inchned at a greater 

 angle than the dip of the Bunter, as far as that dip can be ascertained, 

 leads me to infer that the old Bunter land was gradually suhmerged from 

 an easterly direction, during which the pebbles which probably more or 

 less covered the land-surface came to be re-deposited and cemented with 

 carbonate of lime and magnesia, and partially interstratified with bleached 

 sand derived from the x-eceding shore hne. 



FEESHWATEE LIFE.— 1. ENTOMOSTEACA. 



BY EDWIN SinTH, ESQ., M.A. 



[Continued from page 17.] 

 Passing to the second order, which is named Copepoda, we select for 

 description the well-known Cyclops quadricornis. A lively female 

 specimen, let us suppose, with egg-sacs attached, is, after repeated 

 attempts with the dipping-tube, at length safely landed in the hve-box. 

 What is she like ? We observe that the carapace is made up of many 

 parts corresponding to the segments of the body. Fovir segments com- 

 pose the thorax, the fii'st, with which the head is consolidated, being very 

 large. The abdomen counts six rings, and tei-minates in a forked tail. 

 Standing out conspicuously from the head are two pairs of antennas, each 

 of the larger being made up of numerous joints, and all fom- armed with 

 bristles. The mouth has a pair of strongly toothed mandibles, besides a 

 first and second pair of foot-jaws, between which and the antennae the 

 breathing function appears to be divided. There are five pairs of feet, 

 the four pairs useful for locomotion springing from the four divisions of 

 the thorax. Each foot is itself double, and all are thickly furnished with 



