66 CASTLETON. 



columns of the Giant's Causeway, and obtains lovely views of the old 

 keep of the Castle and of the hills separating Edale from Hope Dale. 

 In this dale the geologist wiU meet with a rich variety of fossils. 

 Cardiomorplia ohlomja, lihymhunclla imgnus and lyJeuwdou, Terehratula 

 haatata, Spirifera glabra, Conocardium minax, and species of Nautilus may 

 be found. 



Cave-hunting in this dale has been carried on successfully by 

 Mr. Rooke Pennington. He discovered some time since underneath 

 the keep of Peveril Castle a small cave, which has furnished a few 

 articles, showing that it had been occupied by man at various periods 

 from the (so-called) Neolithic age down to a comparatively recent 

 period. Amongst the relics obtained were a shilling of Queen Elizabeth's 

 reign ; pieces of old-fashioned pots of a later reign, mingled with bits of 

 "rude pre-historic pottery;" bones of the Celtic Short Horn (Bos 

 longifrons,) goat (Capra hircus,) and hog. Of animals not connected with 

 man there were many teeth and bones of the fox (Canis vuljies,) badger 

 (Meles taxus,) and a skull of the water-rat (Aj'vicola amphibia.) Of imple- 

 ments, <l'c., there was a tooled piece of stag-horn, an iron spike, two 

 flints, a piece of jet, part of a bone comb, and a magnificent bronze celt. 

 There was thus a distinct proof of this cave having been used, first, at some 

 remote period as a place of sepulchre, by the presence of human teeth and a 

 fibula ; and, secondly, at a more recent period by the indications above- 

 mentioned, as well as by the discovery of an antler of a red deer, half- 

 sawn through and then broken off, and the bones of a dog and of a hog. 



Another notable place in the neighbourhood of Castloton is the 

 " Winnats " or Windgates, a narrow defile between lofty limestone cliffs, 

 through which the high road to Manchester formerly ran. Exceedingly 

 wild and grand is the appearance presented by this pass ; on each side 

 Btupeudous piles of mountain limestone rise to a. great height, with their 

 summits split and rent into a variety of forms, some assuming the shape 

 of ruined castles ; in some places huge, buttress-like masses protrude 

 into the road, whilst in others lie shattered fragments of rock which, 

 having become detached from the hillside above, have been hurled down, 

 and are seen scattered abroad in wild profusion ; whilst at the lowest 

 part of the defile a gigantic pile of rock, round which the road winds, 

 appears to close in the ravine. 



Opening out from Hope Dale are numerous other dales of great 

 loveliness, as Edale, &c. The origin of those may be traced to 

 denudation, the action of water having, in the course of ages, swept 

 away the Yoredale shale where it occurred, leaving the harder rocks 

 which form the hills in situ. To this cause the origin of most of the 

 undulating scenery of Derbyshire must be attributed, streams that 

 descended from the heights having first undermined the softer strata and 

 then carried them away. Good examples of the action may bo seen on 

 the lower flanks of Kinder Scout, and notably at Mam Tor ; and whore only 

 the lower limestone beds occur it is not to be doubted that water has boon 

 the chief agent in excavating the dales — first by cutting out subterranean 

 chanucls for itself, us in the case of the before-mentioned caverns, and 



