FORESTRY. 133 



where fine earth or sand is not to be had in sufficient quantities, water 

 must be used for extinguishing, as the Are remains for a very long time 

 in them and is easily spread from them. 



After the work of extinguishing has stopped a sufficient number of men 

 should be left to watch the place until no more danger is to be feared. 



It is impossible to calculate the loss caused by a Are running through 

 a pine forest, whose needles or the most of them were destroyed; it is 

 best to cut them down, as the majority die. In case of a fire running 

 through a grove of leafy trees, it is best immediately to cut down the 

 trees, in order that they may start suckers from which trees equal to the 

 first may be quickly grown. 



We have yet to consider the pastures in the forest and to see what 

 damage pasturing does to the forests. 



The forest pastures are damaging to the timber, by having the cattle 

 browse off and tread them down; the heavy cattle compact the earth; 

 especially is this damaging in clay soils, where the atmosphere cannot 

 penetrate the compact surface. 



On steep hillsides the surface of the soil is not compact by the feet of 

 animals, and therefore is not disturbed on the surface; its looseness thus 

 offers a good place for the water to work, so that the humus is easily car- 

 ried off. 



The browsing off of the tops, breaking down, tramping, barking off 

 young and old trees, and the inevitable damages done to the drain 

 ditches, sum up to a good deal. 



The leafy trees recover much sooner and easier from browsing, tramp- 

 ing or barking than the needle trees or the conifers. 



In cultivating in rows the cattle do not do as much damage as other- 

 wise, but this is not always the case, as on steep hillsides where they use 

 the furrows for paths. 



The repeated browsing of the tips of trees is very damaging. 



PRESERVATION OF THE FOREST. 



P. P. SCHOTZKA, MINNEAPOLIS. 



Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 



If I, in the presence of so learned a body as here present, humbly under- 

 take to say a few words in behalf of a subject which should form a main 

 link in the chain of agricultural and horticultural discussions, so, believe 

 me, that this is done out of pure patriotism to the country and her people 

 and for the benefit of the subject itself, which is, "The Preservation of 

 the Forests." 



"While agriculture and horticulture receive the benefits of science and 

 assistance from states and have wonderfully improved, arboriculture or 

 forestry, as the third link in the chain, has been sadly neglected. 



From year to year the advertisement of the lumber dealer informs us 

 how many hundred million feet they have harvested, but do we ever see 

 a statement in which a lumber dealer informs us how many trees he has 



