GRAPES. 223 



severe, appearing on the under side of the younger leaves in white patches 

 which soon pushed their roots into the body of the leaf, turning it yellow 

 and destroying its vitality. This was accompanied by the curling up of 

 the edges of the riper leaves, then gradually drying and falling off, till so 

 few leaves were left that the fruit could not ripen in a natural manner 

 and lacked its usual sweetness and flavor. In moist seasons the attack 

 has been less severe than just described and has been confined to the dry- 

 ing and falling of some of the older leaves, always doing, however, some 

 damage to the quality of the fruit. 



My first experiments were made in 1889 by application mostly of the Bor- 

 eaux mixture, a preparation similar to the previously described formula, 

 but containing lime in place of ammonia. The mildew had already ap- 

 peared in a mild form when the mixture was sprinkled on the vines, be- 

 ing then early in July, and no beneficial results followed. It was too late 

 for its use as a preventative. 



Last summer I made furthur applications on the same vines, the first 

 early in June and a second a few weeks later. The formula used then was 

 that of the ammoniacal copper carbonate. The applications were made 

 in an awkward and inefficient manner by the use of a common garden 

 pump and nozzle. 



Late in April I sent an order for a Eureka Sprayer, intending to give 

 thorough treatment in all my vineyards, but could not get one and was 

 obliged to place my order then for one to be delivered another year. The 

 manufacturers must be having a boom, as it hasn't come yet. However 

 results of this half treatment were most satisfactory and more than met 

 my hopes. There was no mildew on these vines till the fruit was coloring 

 and within two or three weeks of gathering and then only a little and not 

 to do any injury to the fruit. This exemption was not because it was a 

 bad season for mildew, because there was the usual amount in other vine- 

 yards in the neighborhood and I felt that it could be fairly ascribed to the 

 applications made. Another season I intend to make thorough applica- 

 tions, beginning early and repeating them often, not only to my Delawares 

 but to all the varieties in my vineyards. With a suitable apparatus the 

 cost of making them is very small and not to be compared to the benefits 

 that seem likely to follow. The standing of our grapes has been very ser- 

 iously injured in the local market by the ravages of this pest and vine 

 growers fully realize the necessity of annihilating it. 



REPORT ON HORTICULTURAL APPLIANCES AND MARKETING. 



By M. Cutler, Sumter, Minn. 

 Mr. President, Ladies and Gentlemen: 



The marketing of horticultural products I consider of the greatest im- 

 portance to the commercial grower. The farmer of Minnesota generally 

 has a good market at home for all the small fruits and garden vegetables 

 he will grow, but he who has fruits and vegetables by the acre must look 

 elsewhere for a market. To market successfully we must have produce of 

 high quality; for fruit and vegetables well grown are more than half sold. 

 Fruit must be of large size, good shape and color, ripe and free from dirt, 

 leaves and sticks. If you have dirty berries, wash and use them at home, or 



