wowARt) 75 



oxen move round, two wooden wheels furnished with spikes cut up the straA\ 

 which is much shorter and finer than in England. 



AVinnowing is carried out by throwing everything into the air bv means 

 of a wooden fork termed vhailakh (four pointed) when the dust and chalf flies 

 away. There is. generally speaking, a steady breeze in the afternoons. 



The grain is left in heaps, generally with some private marks on them, 

 until the share of the landlord or the revenue be paid. It is then carried int(» 

 the granary and thrown hi a heap on to a mud floor. 



In the hills land which is generally terraced is sometimes cropped every 

 year. Owing to the silt being abundant, this is p()s^ible, but land is allowed 

 to be fallow when sutticiently abundant. 



Both wheat and barley are grown cither as a rain-fed crop, dahiui. or by 

 irrigation, ahi. 



The proportion of these two crops varies enormously accordhig to the 

 amount and seasonableness of the rainfall. In a good year, in the valleys, 

 30 per cent, of the wheat may be rain-fed : in the hills the percentage rises to 

 6.5 per cent. Rain-fed wheat always fetches toinun^ 1 to (omans 2 per 050 lb. 

 more than irrigated wheat. The reason for this is that one man (()| lb.) of 

 rain-fed flour makes If man of bread, whereas, at most, 1 J man is made from 

 the irrigated article. Moreover, the bread made from lain-fed wheat keeps 

 good for three days and is sweeter tlian the other: but bread baked from 

 the irrigated article can only be eaten fresh. 



Ahi Avheat seed is never used to grow daima as it does not turn out well ; 

 daima seed can be sown for ahi with very good results. One man of daima 

 seed is sown in as nuich ground as would take three mans of ahi seed. The 

 proportion in the produce is the same. Daima produces on an average 

 30 grains for one grain and ahi only ten to twenty grains. It is calculated 

 that 360 grains are sown per square metre or zar. As Persians say, ' every 

 footprint of a goat should have a grain sown.' Another calculation is that 

 10 man or 65 lb. per acre are sown per jarih or acre of stony ground and 13 man 

 or 84 J lb. per acre in good soil without stones. There is no difference in the 

 value of the two species of barley. Barley, however, which is sowj\ for a 

 late crop is termed tursh or bitter and is not considered fit for anything except 

 for donkeys. 



Wheat is of the following varieties : — 1. Daima~{a) KaUori, (6) Kalb 

 All Khani, (c) Safed Khonha, (d) Surkh Das ; {a) the ear and the grain is red : 



' 1 luman=i Bhilliiifis. 



