12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
or yellowish Indian. On the equator itself we have the African 
Negro, the brown Malay of Borneo, and the yellow Tupi of the valley 
of the Amazons. North of the blonde Russian is found the yellow 
Samoyede, south of the brown men of equatorial Sumatra and Java 
live the blacks of Australia, and the two darkest native races of this 
continent live near the mouth of the Colorado and that of the La 
Plata, each of which points is, speaking roughly, about thirty degrees 
distant from the equator. 
The people of the eastern continent, south of the Tropic of Cancer, 
are for the most part brown or black. Divide what is north of the 
tropics into two halves by the seventy-fifth parallel of longitude and 
those to the west are white, those to the east yellow. The inhabit- 
ants of the islands of the Pacific vary from the light yellow of the 
Japanese to the chocolate brown of the Papuans. In America the 
Haidah Islanders and the aborigines of the neighboring parts of 
Alaska are almost white, the California and Arizona Indians are dark 
brown; the Tupis and Guaranis that occupy the valleys of the 
Orinoco and the Amazons, are yellow; the Peruvians, and the 
aborigines of La Plata and Patagonia, are brown. The darkest of 
these, the Charrnas, who lived near the mouth of the La Plata, have 
sometimes been described as black. 
The variations within a short distance are often very striking. 
There is more dark hair in Wales than in England in the same 
latitude, but the proportions of dark eyes are reversed. In Wales, 
in Ireland,and in Brittany, dark hair and blue eyes are very frequently 
combined, and this has been supposed to be due to Celtic influence. 
‘In Ireland, according to Poesche, ninety per cent of the people have 
bluish-gray eyes. In Teutonic countries blue eyes are more abundant 
than gray ; in Slavonic countries the reverse is the case. In Switzer- 
land the people of the mountains are darker than those of the 
valleys. In Bavaria the inhabitants of the low-lying country, near 
the Danube, are the darkest. In Transcaucasia those who live near 
the Black Sea are blonde, those near the Caspian yellow,—between, 
there are dark whites. Blondes are found sporadically among a large 
number of the races of the Northern Hemisphere. That some of 
the extinct Guanches of the Canary Islands were blonde, is proved by 
their mummies. If we may trust the recently discovered picture of 
the mother of King Amenhotep IV., who reigned in Egypt, probably 
1700 B.C., she was a blonde. At any rate, fair-haired and light-eyed 
