190 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
nomenclature, the word (Cathair) usually takes one of the two forms, 
Caher and Cahir, and that there are more than 300 townlands and 
towns whose names begin with one or the other of these two words,— 
all in Munster and Connaught . . . Caher itself is the name of more 
than thirty townlands, in several of which the original structures are 
still standing.” 
these in the Topography of Scotland : Carden, Carriden, Carlin, Car- 
myle, Carluke, Carlaverock. Carnervon is the name of a place in 
Aberdeenshire—Catha‘r-an-ear-abhuinn : the city of the Hast river.” 
The contention of the advocates of the theory, that the Topography of 
Scotland is largely Cymric, and that Caer which occurs in such names 
Cathair is unmistakably present in such names as 
as have been already cited, is an illustration of the correctness of the 
theory,—is altogether untenable. The very fact that Cathair enters 
so largely into the Topography of Ireland and Scotland, clearly indi- 
cates that the word is not strictly Cymric, but that it dates from a 
remote age when Celts, whose language was Gaelic, imposed the 
names which have come down to our time on similar physica] peculi- 
arities in Wales and Scotland and Ireland. 
The word Llan which means area, yard, church, is frequently found 
in the Topography of Wales, e.g.: Llandaff, Llandeilo, Llanelly, 
Lampeter, &c. Joyce thus writes, (Vol. I., p. 321): ‘ Zann, in old 
Trish Jand, means a house or church . . . Zann is found in our ear- 
liest MSS., among others in those of Zeuss : it occurs also in an 
ancient charter . . . in the sense of house.” The word dann occurs 
also in Gaelic, and has the same meaning that it has in Welsh and 
Trish. I am disposed to. believe that between Jann and the Gaelic 
word Jean, a meadow, a green plain, there is a strong resemblance, if 
not an identity. Joyce admits that, in its ecclesiastical application, 
lann was borrowed from the Welsh, but contends that ‘when it 
means simply house, it is no doubt purely Irish and not a loan word.” 
It is clear, therefore, that dann is a Gaelic word, and that it does not 
belong exclusively to the Cymry and to the Topography of Wales. 
Loch is the term which Scottish and Irish Gaels employ to desig- 
nate a lake or an inland sea, or arms of thesea. The Anglicised form 
of Loch in Ireland is Lough. Llyn is the word which occurs in the 
Topography of Wales to designate a lake, e. g.: In Cardiganshire 
there are Llyn Teifi, Llyn Gynon, Llyn Eiddwen. In the County of 
Carnarvon there are, among others, Llyn Cwlyd, (caotlead, narrow- 
ness), Llyn Higian, (aigein. deep), Llyn Llydan, (/eathan, broad). Liyn 
