266 THE STRUCTURES OF PITCHER PLANTS. 
epithelial surface, and not dipping under it. Their contents consist of 
light brown protoplasm lining the walls, somewhat viscid, and within 
that a more fluid and slightlyidarker substance. When a piece of the 
pitcher on which they are situated is snipped off they rapidly shrivel, 
and the arms separate. But if a drop of water be placed on the frag- 
ment and then gently shaken off it will be found that while it does not 
adhere to the general surface, some of it has been retained by the arms, 
which have gathered together, just like the hairs of a brush wetted with 
water, and in a few minutes they become quite plump. 
When this experiment was performed with water containing phosphate 
of ammonia (after Darwin’s plan, but not with such extremely dilute 
solutions,) the protoplasm was found in some instances, but not in all, 
to become turbid and to separate into ill-defined masses, and the nucleus 
went through slow changes in outline. Decaying or digested animal 
matter did not, in any of my experiments, produce these changes. The 
distribution of these structures, which will be given more in detail 
when speaking of individual pitcher plants, and the result of my 
experiments induce me to believe that they are absorbents of water and 
such nutrient material as may be dissolved in water without special 
preparation. 
In certain pitchers the multifid buds, instead of appearing wholly 
above the epithelial surface, are seen to dip partially under it, and this 
may be seen in favourable instances to advance till the epithelium almost 
meets over the top of the bud. In this case the protoplasm of the bud 
may be seen marked by distinct divisions, varying in number from two 
to nine, the latter being the largest number which I have seen. These 
divisions of the cell seem to send up processes which appear at the 
surfaces between the interstices of the epithelium, and such modifications 
are generally associated with a peculiar system of intercellular canals to 
be afterwards described. This involution of multifid buds is seen in 
many surfaces, but it is especially associated with the absorption of 
decayed or digested animal matter. When the epithelium completely 
covers these structures I propose to call them included glands, for 
similar, if not absolutely identical glands, are found in the tissues of 
many plants, some of which are already known as digesters, (Drosera, 
Fig. 2, Pinguicula, Fig. 3,) whilst others are not suspected_to have such 
functions. 
Dr. John Lindley described these structures in Nepenthes as long 
ago as 1848, and Mr. A. W. Bennet has also described them in Drosera 
and Pinguicula under the term ganglia, but without entering into any 
explanation of their function. (‘‘ Popular Science Review,” Oct., 1875.) 
In very many cases where they are included they may be seen to occupy 
lacunar enlargements in the system of intercellular canals, and even 
where no such canals can be’ seen they occupy the spaces between the 
large cells of the parenchyma (as in Pinguicula) in a position where their 
aid would be almost as effectual. In some cases, as in the lids of some 
Sarracenie (rubra and flava, see Fig. 4) and in the pedicels of 
Droseracex, they have intimate relations with the intercellular canals 
—--”. 
