SPRAYING FRUITS. 381 
and the proper time to discontinue them. If this be not done, serious 
results may follow. In the treatment of black rot of the grape, we have 
known vine-growers to continue the application of Bordeau mixture 
through a protracted drought up to the time of ripening of the fruit. As 
a result, when the time arrived to send the grapes to market, they were 
so badly spotted with the mixture that no one would buy them. Again, 
we have found fruit-growers thoroughly imbued with the idea that the 
only proper way to spray was to rush through an orchard or vineyard with 
some new-fangled complicated machine, applying the solutions in daubs 
at one point and omitting whole trees or blocks of vines at another. 
Such work is to be regretted, as it may be the cause of much loss to those 
who have acted carefully and intelligently in the matter. For example, 
in the case of the grape scare in New York City the past summer, grape- 
growers all over the country were made to suffer, partly through the folly 
of a few overzealous individuals who upon their own responsibility made 
more applications than were necessary, and partly through the action of 
a somewhat hasty Board of Health. 
Before taking up the subject of treatments proper, it may be well to 
emphasize the importance and necessity of using the right kind of ma- 
chinery. A sprayer, to be effective, requires first of all a good strong force 
pump. Next in importance is a nozzle that will throw a mist-like spray 
and will not clog when thick fluids are used. There are plenty of ma- 
chines on the market filling all these requirements. For convenience they 
may be divided into three classes: (1) horse-power automatic machines, (2) 
machines drawn by horse power, but operated by hand, and (3) hand ma- 
chines. All belonging to the first group may be dismissed with the state- 
ment that they are unnecessarily expensive and complicated, and will 
not, even in the most careful hands, do the work as thoroughly and effec- 
tively as the machines belonging to the second and third groups. Of the 
second group, in which the cheapest, most practical and efficient example 
is found in a strong, light, double-acting, double-discharge force pump, 
mounted on a barrel, it may be said that while they cannot do the work as 
rapidly as the machines of the first class they are more effective, much 
cheaper, and far less wasteful of the liquid used. To the third class belong 
the knapsack sprayers, which are the only ones necessary to notice in this 
connection. There is no question that for all moderately low-growing 
crops the knapsack sprayer fills every requirement. In no other machine 
is the work so absolutely at all times under control, it being possible to 
place nearly every drop of liquid exactly where it is wanted. Knapsack 
pumps are now used in many moderate-sized vineyards; also in places 
where the horse-power apparatus, owing to the nature of the land or the 
mauner of cultivation, cannot be utilized. 
Many firms throughout the country, as will be seen by reference to the 
columns of any good agricultural paper, are engaged in the manufacture 
and sale of the various machines mentioned. 
Taking up the question of spraying more specifically we would call 
attention first to apple diseases and their treatment. 
TREATMENT OF APPLE SCAB. 
For this disease either modified eau céleste or ammoniacal solution of 
copper carbonate, preferably the former, may be used. At least four 
