56 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY OF NEW YORK. 



say they keep dormant until late in the season, and all at once the hot 

 sun comes in the latter part (or the early part, I have seen it on the 20th 

 of April). Then the trees begin to bud, I am speaking of evergreens now, 

 and put out new roots. Now, as to shade trees, it is very true, that the 

 people place an order in the spring or in the summer for trees and 

 shrubs, and cannot wait. A gentleman called me up yesterday and said, 

 "Why haven't you planted those shrubs? ^ly trees are all in." Well, 

 we had to take a lot of trees, lindens, and Norway maples, and we 

 stripped off the leaves, in fact, we cut them off. I do not believe in 

 stripping because you pull them out of the socket, as it were, so we cut 

 off half the leaves and transplanted that tree with a nice bunch of roots 

 and fibres, and after such a good rain as we have had lately, they stand 

 up and are nice-looking. If they should make a growth and the growth 

 should not get matured, then of course it would suffer during the winter; 

 but the nurseryman has got so short a time in the spring that you cannot 

 blame him. 



Mr. Macoun — In Canada, the subject of evaporation is a very im- 

 portant one, especially in our poorer districts. We find, for instance, in 

 the Behring Province, that the evaporation is too great for most kinds 

 of trees, and most varieties of tree fruit, and what we wish to find 

 out is just how much moisture each variety of fruit must have during 

 the winter to enable it to stand the winter, because it is quite evident that 

 a tree must have a certain average amount of moisture during the 

 winter. On the contrary at Ottawa, trees which are hardy there, different 

 varieties, only some of which are hardier elsewhere, we find the tenderer 

 varieties of those kinds have the largest amount of moisture. The 

 analyses of the chemists say that the tenderest varieties of apples, for 

 instance, which were killed at other places farther north, had the high- 

 est amount of moisture at Ottawa, hence a different treatment would have 

 to be given those trees farther nofth than trees which had not so much 

 moisture. For instance. Dr. Hansen said in North Dakota they recom- 

 mended cultivating very late in the autumn in order to get the trees as 

 well charged with moisture as possible. I believe that is true in certain 

 limits for certain varieties, but in the country where I live, if we were 

 to cultivate these tenderer varieties in the late autumn, those trees would 

 have too much moisture in them, and not be properly matured, and hence 

 would be killed back at the terminal growth. I think that the point that 

 should be worked out by those who are making a study of this question, 

 is how much moisture certain varieties of trees should have on the 

 average, to withstand the cold climate there. Now, we all have to grow 

 a variety of apples, so as to cover the season, but it seems to me that we 

 must give these varieties different treatment if we are to have equal 

 success, and that is not a subject which has been given enough attention — 

 the different methods for different varieties. We have been working on 

 the subject at Ottawa, of growing these trees according to the degree of 

 hardiness in proportion-to results, and we find that the trees which mature 



