164 ANNUAL REPORT. 



the Hyslop crab.) I have a few small trees four to live feet that came through the 

 winter all right (root grafts). The Longfield was also pretty badly injured with rae. 

 It failed to ripen up in time last fall. 



^Chas. Gibb of Abbottsford, Canada, when at my place in 1883, proHOunced what I 

 call the Russian Green, a true Anis. This has proved to be very hardy, and most 

 excellent in quality. Sidney Corp, one of the most successful horticulturists of 

 Wabasha County speaks in high terms of the Autumn Streaked, and an unknown 

 Russian bearing a fruit similar in appearance to the Tetofsky, but will keep perhaps 

 ten days longer. The Yellow Anis also looks well with him. Reports from the 

 Southern, Middle, and New England States, with the exception of Northern New 

 England, are rather unfavorable to the Russian apple. This is all right, and per- 

 fectly natural. Our reports in regard to the pears, plums, Baldwins, Mann apples, 

 Shys, Salome, etc., that they are persistently trying to crowd on to us, are also 

 extremely unfavorable. The Russian apple is only completely adapted to a similar 

 climate from whence it came, and tkat is supposed to be Minnesota. The great 

 treeless plains of Russia are known as steppes, like plains here are designated prai- 

 ries. It would seem plausible that a variety succeeding well on the arid steppes 

 of Central Russia, should stand equally unharmed on the dry prairies of Minnesota. 

 Planters should know the origin of every tree they purchase, and study its adapta- 

 tion to their particular soil and climate. 



' The following paper was then read by Mr. Tuttle, of Baraboo, Wis. 



SOME SUGGESTIONS ON ORCHARDING IN THE NORTHWEST. 

 By A, G. TuTTiiE, Baraboo, Wis. 



The destruction of orchards during the past year has been very general, not only 

 in the Northwest but in regions farther south and east, where heretofore but little 

 complaint has been made of the injurious effects of the climate. 



Eminent horticulturists throughout the country have given their views of the 

 causes that have operated to produce the destruction. 



It is well, before suggesting a remedy for an evil, to know something of the 

 causes that produce it. Before giving any views I propose to examine some of the 

 causes assigned. 



It is claimed by many that the warm weather in the fall held out so late that the 

 sap was forced into circulation, which being succeeded by freezing, destroyed the 

 trees. If such was the fact why were a very large proportion of the trees injured 

 killed only on the north side while the south half was not injured, and produced a 

 fair crop of fruit. If the sap was forced into circulation by the prolonged heat in 

 the fall it should have been in more active circulation on the south half than on the 

 north half' of the tree Of all trees the Duchess and other Russian fruits should 

 have been the first to start into growth, as they finish their growth earlier and hav- 

 ing consequently a longer season of rest, should have been the first to commence 

 growth, and yet that class of trees suffered very little, if any, injury. The Trans- 

 cendent crab, always the first to put on leaves in the spring, should have been the 

 first to start into growth in the fall, among them we hear of no injury. 



It has often been said that trees suffer injury when the warm weather in the fall 



