ITO ANNUAL REPORT. 



bursting of the sap cells, and it became, for this reason impossible, or better said, 

 perhaps difficult for the sap to recede. By this expression the sap "recedes" the 

 gardener will understand that when the sap thickens and with difficulty passes 

 through the cells, a condition is produced causing leaves to fall; and the pomologist 

 should then observe the maturity of the terminal buds. An equally fatal occur- 

 rence for fruit trees experienced happening here last winter, happened in the year 

 1829, in Germany. In October of that year the fruit trees were in "full sap" when 

 a cold spell, accompanied by a snow storm, set in, ihe snow remaining uniil the 

 month of April following. The prune trees ("Prunus domestica") were mostly 

 all destroyed, and apple and pear trees had to be cut down. Some nurseryman 

 adopted the plan of top grafting but the expedient totally failed; all trees were 

 killed to the snow line. 



This shows that here and there, at great intervals, such disasters will occur, but 

 it should not induce us to stop the planting of fruit trees, or the raising of fruit. 



The loss of trees on my place is great; different kinds which have withstood 

 severe winters heretofore are dead. Top grafted Russian varieties, Minnesota and 

 Wisconsin seedlings, are all destroyed. It is my judgment that top grafting is not 

 advisable; we thereby get no hardy trees, and such trees are the first to die. 



Our hardy kinds should be replanted, and the approved Russians also; replacing 

 with root grafts, or yearlings, would be the best. I think it not advisable to trans- 

 plant two year old trees which have partially withstood the last winter. Such trees 

 are subject to ihe "black-heart." My yearling trees were transplanted by cutting 

 them back to sound wood, and with two year old trees the same process would be 

 beneficial. 



The kinds which withstood the winter best are: Russian Green, Ostrekoff Glass, 

 Lieby, Kurski, Smelling Apple, Round Wassen, Arcade, Switzer, Charlamoff, Beel, 

 St. Peter, Milton, Red Lake, Lake Winter, Whitney's No. 20, Dartt's Hybrid. 



The Besseraianka Pear trees were killed to the snow line. Ostheim Cherries 

 came through the winter all right. Plums of our best native varieties all sound, 

 and brought a heavy crop. Blackberries, Doolittle, Seneca, and Mammoth Cluster 

 were killed to the snow line. Gooseberries, Downiug's Industry came out all right. 

 Also the Currants, White and Red Dutch, Grape Currants, Fay's Prolific, all 

 bringing a good crop. 



Strawberries were uninjured and brought a heavy crop. From the different 

 kinds I had on trial I find the best adapted for my location the following: Glendale, 

 Champion, Crescent, Green Prolific, and Wilson. 



I find no injury on grapes, and think wq have nothing to fear hereafter when they 

 are properly covered with earth. From the many kinds I had on trial I find the 

 best for my location and soil the following: Progress, No. 30, 33, 43, Lady, Grein's 

 Extra Early, Minnesota Beauty, Cambridge, Rochester, Telegraph, Martha, Hart- 

 ford Prolific, Worden Seedling, Moore's Early, Concord, Miles, Delaware and 

 Aminia. 



Berbary vulgaris were killed to the snow line; the Rharanus Catharticus (Buck- 

 thorn) near by, came through the winter all sound making a robust growth and 

 produced a fine show of its fruit in the fall. This and the Caragam abarescens, also 

 the J^miperus Virginiana (Red Ceder) I consider the best hedge plant for our 

 climate. 



