368 ANNUAL REPOET. 



Others, when ■ the temperature goes down it diminishes, when it goes up it 

 increases, and when up to growing heat is very rapid; and if the heat conliaues for 

 a length of time tlie whole of the stored food or starch i^ changed to sugar, or sap. 

 This was the case in all warm localities in the fall of 1884 and a new growth was 

 the natural result. In Mionesota there are but few falls when this does not occur 

 to a greater or less extent, on all warm locations, surrounded with timber or heavy 

 windbrakes, with trees pknted close together, or in all places where the air and 

 free circulation of the wiad are obstructed. 



The rapid depletion of stored up food from high temperature lite in the fall is 

 the greatest of all destroyers of fruit trees in Minnesota. Trees that lipen their 

 wood the eailiest on warm soil are most liible to be injured. The Tetofsky and 

 Yellow Transparent are trees of this class and I have no doubt but many of the 

 new^ Russian vaiieties would do much better further north than here, if planted on 

 l3w land or on quick soil. High, cool, clay land is the best place forall fruit trees 

 in Minnesota. Good protection should be given on the south and in no other place. 



The winter of 1884 and 1885 has left sign-boards all over the west and northwest 

 in the shape of dead apple trees; they are found on all low land, in valleys sur- 

 rounded with bills, or timber, on the level prairie and many other places where 

 the iadustiious grower spared neither money or labor to shut out the winds from 

 his orchard. There are thousands of acres of land in Minnesota, on high ground^ 

 covered in many places with black oak, or Jack oak trees, or brush, too poor fjr the 

 majority of farmer's to grow their wheat and corn. In such soil the Wealthy stood 

 last winter without any i^jur3^ 



Fruit trees on the north side of buildings or timber belts are seldom injured. 

 We stated that high land, with a free circulation of cool air is the proper place for 

 all fruit trees that are planted in Minnesota. On such a place all our leading 

 varieties may be planted and expected to do well. But for general planting on all 

 quick, warm soils, we should select varieties that continue longer in growing, and 

 1 know of no vaiieties that tills the bill better than the Wealthy, Duchess, Beeches 

 Sweet and Whitney No. 20. The Tetofsky, Transparent and all other Russian 

 varieties that lipen their wood very early will fail in a few years. 



As we said at the start it is absolutely necessary to know the nature of the trees 

 you plant, and plant them on the soil and location to which they are naturally 

 adapted. 



Secretary Hillman called attention to a number of fruit reports from 

 the counties of Winona, Wabasha, Dodge, and Murray, which on 

 motion of Mr. Cutler were ordered placed on file for publication. 



FRUIT RAISING IN WINONA COUNTY. 



By M. Knapp, Winona. 



Having been engaged in fruit culture for many years, I will attempt to answer 

 some of your questions, hoping that my experience maj^ be a help in building up a 

 system which will materially enhance the culture of fruit in the northwest. 



