21 
Dr. H. Carrington Bolton, read a paper entitled : 
RISE AND FALL OF THE DEFUNCT ELEMENTS. 
A complete catalogue of so-called ‘ Defunct Elements,” is 
nowhere found, but notices of their rise and fall are scattered 
throughout periodical literature; from these the following 
list has been compiled, which, if incomplete, is still compara- 
tively full. Within the limits of this abstract, little more 
than the date, name of discoverer, and references can be given. 
Taking them up in chronological order, the first is 
TrerrA NOBILIS, discovered in 1777, by Tobern Bergmann, 
who extracted it from diamonds. 
HYDROSIDERUM, discovered by Meyer, in 1780, and obtained 
by dissolving~ crude Iron in acids, the residue being the new 
element. It is called in German Wassereisen. Klaproth 
showed that it consisted of Iron combined with Phosphorus. 
(Schrift. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, II. 334 and III. 880.) 
SATURNUM, discovered in 1784, by Monnet. (Journal de 
Physique, XX VIIL) 
DIAMANTHSPATHERDE, discovered in 1788, by Klaproth, 
in corundum. (Beschiift. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, VIII 
St. 4.) 
AUSTRALIA, discovered in 1790, by Wedgewood, in Sand 
from Australia, and examined by Hatchett, who pronounced 
it a mixture of Aluminia, Iron Oxide, Silica and Graphite. 
NAMELESS EARTH. Fernandez, 1799. (Scherer’s Allg. J.) 
AGUSTERDE was extracted from the mineral known as 
stichsische-beryll, by Trommsdorff, in the year 1800. Vauquelin 
showed it to consist of Phosphate of Lime, the mineral being 
now known as apatite. (Scherer’s Allg. J., IV. 312; also 
Gehlen’s Allg. J., L 445.) 
SILENE, Proust, 1803. (Journal de Physique.) 
PNEUM ALKALI, discovered by Hahnemann in 1801. - It 
was sold at the price of one gold Frederic the ounce, but 
eventually proved to be Borax. 
NIccOLANUM, was found in Cobalt ores by Richter, in 1805, 
