82 
- Ppriop. | Epocus. | STRATA. | Noves. 
Terraces, 
Beaches, 
Loes. 
Sand and gravel beaches with logs, 
leaves and fresh-water shells. L6es 
with fresh-water and sand shells. 
( Terrace.{ Drift, + drifted logs, elephant and mastodon 
Lées. ( teeth and bones. 
Soil-peat with mosses, leaves, logs, 
stumps, branches and standing trees, 
mostly red cedar. Elephas, masto- 
don, castoroides, &c. 
Forest 
Iceberg Bowlders, gravel, sand and clay, 
Bed. 
Quaternary. ; 
| Erie 
Clays. 
gravel, occasional rounded and 
Glacial. 
scratched northern bowlders, many 
| Laminated clays with sheets of 
(angular fragments of underlying rocks. 
: Local beds of bowlders and gravel 
eae and rarely bowlder clay resting on the 
* (glaciated surface. 
From the above table, it will be seen that the remains of 
Elephant, Mastodon and the gigantic Beaver, occur in the 
Forest-bed and in all the succeeding Drift deposits. It should 
also be said that they are found in still greater abundance in 
peat-bogs and alluvial deposits, which belong to the present 
epoch. | 
We have seen that the submergence of the later Drift 
epoch, though so wide-spread, left a large part of the area 
lying between the Mississippi and Atlantic uncovered. This 
area the Elephant, Mastodon, Great Beaver, &c., inhabited 
during the continuance of the flood that covered the Forest- 
bed. From this retreat they issued with the subsidence of 
the water, following the retreating shore-line, till they occu- 
pied all the region now exposed about the great lakes. By 
what influence they finally became extinct, we cannot yet say. 
It has been claimed that they continued to exist down to the 
advent of man, and that he was an agent in their destruction. 
This statement may be true, but requires further proof. before 
it can be accepted with confidence. 
The vegetation of the Forest-bed indicates a cold climate, 
thus confirming what we had otherwise learned of the habits 
of the extinct elephant. He was clothed with long hair and 
