254 
space, and which are quite as strong and much more conye- 
nient, are taking the place of the expensive beam engine. 
In the metallurgy of steel, the Bessemer process makes 
steady progress often in connection with the Seimen’s Martens 
process. ‘The most noticeable feature, however, in steel manu- 
facture, is the production of ingots of immense size, the 
weight of a single ingot having reached in Krupp’s works, at 
Essen, to 40 tons. Such ingots as these require powerful ma- 
chinery to work them, and peculiar furnaces to heat them. 
Krupp has constructed a 50 ton hammer, and proposes to build 
one of 100 tons for this purpose. The reheating furnaces 
have their hearths built on wheels. The ingots give out so 
much heat that it would be impossible to handle them by 
the ordinary methods. The great‘hammer is therefore served 
by four large steam cranes. The arrangements for moving 
such immense masses when cold are very perfect. All of the 
buildings are provided with cranes at right angles to each 
other, arranged in such a way that a piece of any weight can 
be transported without apparent effort. 
In the metallurgy of the other metals, the most striking 
changes are the introduction of mechanical Patinsonage, and 
the almost complete substitution of the Zine process of de- 
silverization for Patinsonage. The Zinc desilverization has 
itself undergone some important modifications, and it is 
expected that even small quantities of gold may be separated 
by a very slight change in the detail of working. The 
machines which were first used to produce the mixture of 
lead and zine are being given up. 
In the metallurgy of lead the most striking change is the 
introduction of the Piltz furnace, in the place of the rectangu- 
lar furnaces. The Rachette furnace does not seem likely to 
have any future. The highest encomium bestowed upon it 
was, that it was no better than any other. 
In the metallurgy of zinc, the introduction of the regenera- 
tor system seems to be almost universally determined upon, 
both in the Belgian and Silesian processes. The Bohetius 
regenerator furnace is received with general favor. In the 
Belgian process there are single furnaces near Liege, contain- 
