AFFILIATION OF THE ALGONQUIN LANGUAGES. 21 
while in the Algonquin it generally precedes it. There are, however, 
suffix particles that take the place of adjectives in the latter class, and 
in most cases they are represented by verbs. The Malay-Polynesian 
adjectives are often hard to distinguish from substantives and verbs. 
The sign of comparison precedes the adjective in Algonquin, but 
follows in Tonga. But the accusative or object of the verb follows it 
in both Algonquin and Polynesian, and this separates them from the 
Turanian languages. Tense is designated by special marks in each 
ease. These are Algonquin perfect ki, gi, future ka, ga; in Tonga 
present gooa, perfect na, future te. A larger acquaintance with 
Algonquin and Malay-Polynesian forms might reduce the differences 
between these. In the Tonga the index of tense is placed before the 
personal pronoun which precedes the verbal root, e.g., makee, give; 
na-oo-makee, J gave; na-ger-makee, thow gavest; te-oo-makee, J shall 
give; te-ger-makee, thow wilt give. In Algonquin the temporal 
indices come between the pronoun and the verbal root, e.g., makew, 
gwe ; ni-ki-makew, J gave; ki-ki-makew, thow gavest; ni-ki-makew, 
£ shall give; ki-ka-makew, thow wilt give. In spite of the difference 
in the order of pronoun and temporal index, the two classes agree in 
placing both these before the verbal root, thus entirely disagreeing 
with the Turanian languages in their Ural-Altaic and Dravidian 
divisions. The possessive pronoun or its equivalent precedes in the 
Algonquin, and either precedes or follows in the Malay-Polynesian 
languages. These languages also agree in dispensing with the relative 
pronoun. The forms of the demonstrative in Cree and Tonga are not 
unlike ; Tonga, this aheni, that ahena; Cree, this anah, that naha. 
The same is true of the interrogative ; Tonga ahai, coeha who, which; 
Cree awewe, kekway. The Polynesian languages have an article, 
and have on account of it been affiliated with the Bantu or Caffre 
languages of Southern Africa. Duponceau and other writers have 
insisted that the initial 1/ of many Algonquin nouns, which generally 
precedes those that are not in a construct state, is the article. Others 
as firmly deny the statement, but have not accounted for the frequent 
dropping of this letter, e.g., mistik, a tree; meyw-atik, a good tree; 
much-atik, a bad tree; face, mikwakun; my face, ni-kwakun. Un- 
doubtedly there is some analogy here with the common Bantu prefixes 
mo, ma, me, and the Tagala article ang. The Caffre analogies, apart 
from language, with the Algonquins are striking. One important 
point of resemblance between the Algonquins and the Malay-Poly- 
