178 ASIATIC TRIBES OF NORTH AMERICA. 
. 
The Canadian and many other American nations use no other sort of 
boats. The paddles of the Tongusi are broad at each end; those of 
the people near Cook’s River and of Onalaska are of the same form.” 
Sauer and Mackenzie refer to the insensibility to cold of the 
Tungus and Tinneh respectively. The former, referring to the dress of 
the Tungus, says: “ Their winter dress is the skin of the deer or wild 
sheep, dressed with the hair on; a breast-piece of the same which 
ties round the neck and reaches down to the waist, widening 
- towards the bottom, and neatly ornamented with embroidery and 
beads ; pantaloons of the same materials, which also furnish them 
with short stockings, and boots of the legs of rein-deer, with the hair 
outward ; a fur cap and gloves. Their summer dress only differs in 
being simple leather without the hair.” Referring to the Chipweyans 
or Athabascans, Mackenzie writes: “There are no people more 
attentive to the comforts of their dress, or less anxious respecting its 
exterior appearance. In the winter it is composed of the skins of 
deer and their fawns, and dressed as fine as any chamois-leather, i 
the hair. In the summer their apparel is the same, except that it is 
prepared without the hair. Their shoes and leggings are sewed 
together, the latter reaching upwards to the middle, and being sup- 
ported by a belt. The shirt or coat, when girded round the waist, 
reaches to the middle of the thigh, and the mittens are sewed to the 
sleeves or are suspended by strings from the shoulders. A ruff or 
tippet surrounds the neck, and the skin of the head of the deer forms 
a curious kind of cap. A robe made of several deer or fawn skins 
sewed together covers the whole.” The same author, speaking of the 
Dogribs, refers to the elaborate ornamentation of the breast-piece and 
other parts of their dress; and other travellers have described it in 
like terms. Santini dwells upon the fanciful and tasteful designs 
wrought with coloured percupine quills in which the Tungus indulged, 
and their coronet or head-band of leather, ornamented with em- 
broidery and feathers. To the latter, Mackenzie makes reference also 
in connection with the Dogribs; and many writers have celebrated 
the ingenuity in quill-work of the whole Tinneh family, who were 
probably the teachers of this art to the populations of North America. 
Finally, although this is a matter not of dress, but of food, both the 
Tungus and the Tinneh are in the habit of eating the undigested 
food, principally lichen, in the stomach of the deer, which they mix 
with berries and other ingredients, as Sauer and Hearne respectively 
