288 SOME LAWS OF PHONETIC CHANGE 
lished an article comparing the Basque with the Iroquois, failed to 
find the grammatical accordance of the languages borne out by the 
lexicon. This, however, arose from the fact that M. Vinson had 
not made a special study of the Iroquois, and that he had neglected 
the geographically intermediate languages which, in some respects, 
furnish the key to the common origin of the Iroquois and the 
Basque. 
I.—IN A LARGE NUMBER OF INSTANCES, ALTHOUGH THERE ARE MANY 
EXCEPTIONS, THE IROQUOIS REPLACES THE BASQUE LIQUIDS / AND rT 
BY ANOTHER LIQUID, 2”. 
Take, for example, the Iroquois word for tooth, honozzia, onotchia. 
It is easy to perceive the relationship between these forms and the 
innotay, noti, of the Choctaw, the ente of the Natchez, the noto of 
the Shoshonese, and even the meas, nayha, of the Lenca. But 
where, it may be asked, is the similarity between these names for 
tooth and that of the Yuma, which is aredoche? The Basque dis- 
plays the relation. Its word for tooth is hortz, ortz, or, in the plural, 
hortzac, ortzac. The unaspirated oréz, somewhat drawn out as is 
generally the case in the pronunciation of uncivilized man who has 
abundance of time for his conversation, becomes, without any conso- 
nantal change worth noting, the Yuma aredoche. If, however, we 
apply the rule which transforms the Basque r into the Iroquois x, 
then ortz becomes ontz, and hortz, the aspirated Labourdin and Bas- 
Navarrais form of the word, hontz, thus furnishing us with abbrevi- 
ated but distinctly recognizable equivalents of the Iroquois onotchia 
and honozzia. In the Kasi Kumuk dialect of the Lesghian the 
Basque aspirate is strengthened into k, kertshi being its rendering of 
horiz. Indeed it may almost be said to be a rule that the Basque 
aspirate, as an initial letter at least, becomes the Lesghian guttural. 
The Quichua of Peru follows the same rule, and surpasses the 
Lesghian in its attenuation of the vowel, by changing kertshi to kiru. 
Thus the two forms onotchia and kiru, which appear to present no 
feature in common, are found to have the same origin. 
A similar instance is that of the Iroquois kelanguaw, which de- 
notes the moon, but also the sun. The Pueblo word for sun is 
hoolenwah, with which the Yukahiri name for the same orb, yelonsha, 
invites comparison. But in the Basque the equivalent for kelan- 
quaw, the moon, is hilargia; and, just as the Yuma aredoche cor- 
