EARLY SETTLEMENT OF THE BRITISH ISLES BY CELTS. 321 
Topography of Scotland. Achadhmore, the large field. Achray, 
achadh reidh, the smooth field. 
Dal, another name for field, occurs in such words as Dalmore, the 
large dale ; Dalness, dal an eis, the dale of the cascade ; Dalhousie, 
dal na h-oisne, the dale of the corner. 
Aber, a word of which mention has been made at some length 
already, compounded as it seems to be of ath, ford, and bior, water, 
water-ford, is frequently found in the Topography of Scotland, e. g. 
Aberdour, aber dur, water : the confluence of the water. 
Aberlour, aber, lwath, fast; dur = the confluence of the rapid 
water. 
Loch Aber = the loch of the confluence. 
Aberfeldy, aber feathail, calm: the calm confluence. 
Ard means a height, e¢.y. 
Airdrie, ard an righ, the king’s height. 
Ardentinnie, ard na teine, the height of the fire. 
Ardrossan, ard ros fhonn = the land of the high promontory. 
Ardthornish, ard thor an eis, the high cliff of the cascade. 
No word is of more frequent occurrence in Gaelic Topography 
than amhainn, Avon, which is supposed to be a compound of abh, 
water, and -inne, a channel. In addition to the names of rivers 
which have been already mentioned in connection with the Topo- 
graphy of Strathclyde such names may be cited as :—- 
Ness, an eas: the water or cascade. 
Carron, car amhainn: the crooked river. 
Nairn, an ear an: the east river. 
Orchy, oir, edge, and achadh : the edge of the field. 
Leven, liath an: the hoary river. 
Cona, cumhann, a: the narrow water. 
Bannockburn, ban enoc burn: the water of the white hill. 
Baile, a farm, or town, or hamlet, oceurs often, e.g. 
Balmoral, baile morail: the stately town. 
Balfour, baile fuar: the cold town. 
Beinn, ben, is everywhere to be found in the Topography of 
Scotland, e.g. 
Ben Wyvis, Beinn an uamhais, the hill of terror. 
Ben Nevis, nimh bhathais, the hill of the cold brow. 
Ben Cruachan, erwachan, a hip, the cone-shaped hill. 
Ben Mac Dui, mue dubh, the hill of the black pig. 
