52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. : 
Cardew, dubh, black. 
Carhallack, shalach, salach, filthy. 
Carhart, ard, high. 
Pen, ceann, a head, than which no root is more largely present in 
the Topography of Ireland and Scotland, enters into very many Cor- 
nish names, é.g. : 
Pelynt, linne, a ae: 
Penavarra, bharr, barr, top ; or muir, mara, the sea. 
Pencair, caer, cathair, a city. 
Pencarra, carraig, a rock. 
Pendennis, dinas (C.), dun. 
Pendew, dubh, black. 
Pendour, dobhar, water. 
Pendrathen, traigh, a shore. 
Pendrean, droighionn, thorn. 
Pendalow, da, two, loch. 
Penellick, seileach, willow. 
Peninnis, innis, an island. 
Pennard, ard, high. 
Penrose, ros, a headland. 
Penryn, rhyn, roinn, a point. 
Pentire, tir, land; the Kintyre of Argyllshire. 
Pentell, toll, a hole. 
It is evident that those distinctive roots or words by which, accord- 
ing to Camden, Cornishmen are to be recognized, are, with the 
exception of 7're, of frequent occurrence in the Topography of Ireland 
and Scotland, and cannot on that account be restricted to the Cymry, 
but must be regarded as Gaelic in themselves, and therefore as enter- 
ing into the Topography of these countries and islands where the 
Gaels had permanent homes. The citations which have been made 
from the Topography of Cornwall, in connection with the words or 
roots in question, show that purely Gaelic nouns and adjectives com- 
bine with those roots to form Cornish names. 
The Gaelic word tigh, a house, enters in the form chy into the 
Topography of Cornwall, e.g. :— 
Chytane, tigh un teine, the house of fire. 
Chelean, tigh an leana, the house of the meadow. 
Chenton, tigh an duin, the house of the hillock. 
Chycarne, tigh @ chuirn, the house of the cairn. 
