160 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
is frequently drawn across the perpendicular, it is sometimes hard to 
distinguish it from F. Where more squarely cut, there is the same 
danger of confounding it with C, as prevails in the case of C and G 
in Roman inscriptions. I am in doubt as to the corresponding 
Aztec hieroglyphic, but think it is either camatl, the mouth, or 
quauhtli, the eagle." The latter supposition may be justified from 
the Hittite, in which the eagle represents the ke or ge of Karkemish- 
In Corean, kh agrees, being in the shape of the Roman F, It has 
conveniently been read in Ktruscan as v or 2, according to the 
exigencies of the interpreter. The sounds ka and ga are represented 
in Etruscan by a character, generally read m, varying in appearance 
in different texts as the Roman N and H, and the Hebrew cheth.* 
Its original is the Aztec calli, a house, with the shape of which the 
Hittite hieroglyphic corresponds closely. In the cursive Hittite, 
or that in which the hieroglyphic begins to fade away, it appears in 
form something like the Italic , or a child’s rude drawing of a chair. 
Tt is wanting in Corean, and, so far as I know, in Cypriote, unless 
the twisted ko of the latter syllabary be its equivalent ; but it is 
common in Asia Minor,™ in the form of an old Greek or Pheenician 
nm. In the Lat, Siberian, and Mound Builder inscriptions, the same 
character assumes the Etruscan and cursive Hittite forms. The 
most frequently recurring guttural sign is one which generally 
appears as a Roman Y, one of the forks of which is carried, across the 
perpendicular. At other times, it has the perfect form of Y, and, at 
others again, it becomes a cross or a T. A comparison of texts at 
once demonstrates that these are variants of one sign, and, on this 
account, Etruscan students have uniformly read it as ¢t. It really 
denotes ko, go, ku, gu. Its Aztec representative is guahwitl, a tree. 
Its tree form is recognizable in the Hittite inscriptions, and, in its Y 
equivalent, it constitutes the radical element in the Cypriote ku.” 
82a It may seem improbable at first sight that F should in any way represent an eagle, but a 
= ee A . e. 
comparison of the original form of the character with that of the Hebrew gimel, derived from a 
camel, will show analogous changes. 
83 The angular N, like the M referred to in note 31 above, occurs in uo Latin or Greek 
alphabet. 
84 Lycian and Phrygian. 
% The lack of appropriate type compels me to make references which to the general reader 
must be more or less obscure. The Cypriote sign for ku isa Saint Andrew’s cross, through the 
intersecting lines of which a Y is drawn perpendicularly, The cross with other lines, 
horizontal or perpendicular, is the Cypriote vowel symbol a, e,i. The Y is thus the radical 
element in the form for ku. 
