176 PROCEEDINGS OF THE GANADIAN INSTITUTE. 
io is the form of the third person singular, present indicative, of 
verbs conjugated without auxiliaries, as in dagokio, it concerns, 
darauskio, he speaks, dio, he says, dario, it flows. Few words are 
commoner in the inscriptions than kanio. 
31. LADHETI sa ra tu ka ni o zarratu ganio the writing concerns 
LEIFE saneugine  Sanaegine Sanaegine 
SFN no gi ka Nogika Nogika’s 
(Fabretti) IA u ra aurra child 
The first word, zaratwu, is the Basque zarratu, zarrapo, karrapo, 
meaning scratching, and was probably their term for engraving in 
times of higher civilization. The Japanese shirushi, write, and the 
Iroquois kerenas, incise, are forms of the same word. The last term 
aur, or with the final article, awrra, is the common Basque word 
for child. It is in the genitive of position. The next inscription is 
also known to be that of a female. 
280. OANA - AVLNEI - CANENASA 
marakara ar pisa kanio zeru kaich kara nare 
marakara Arbisa ganio Zeruko-itchekira anre 
monument Arbisa regards Zeruko-itchekira’s wife 
The monument concerns Arbisa, the wife of Sky-holder 
Here the only words demanding explanation are the proper names, 
for the others have already occurred. I provisionally suppose Arbisa 
to be the same as Arribizi, echo or literally “living stone.” The 
other name brings me to the subject of the bilinguals. The original 
of the following is in the Florentine Museum. 
4, LADO: CANENA : FAPHALISLA*® 
(Latin—C. Caesius. C.F. Varia nat.) 
Translit.—zaratu ma * zerukaitchekara agertu karasa unosara 
Basque—zarratu mai Zeruko-itchekira Agertu sortze onetsa ra 
Translat.—--engraved tablet Sky-holder Agertu born of well esteem to 
Freely —An engraved tablet to honour Sky-holder, the son of Agertu 
The word zarratu is here an adjective qualifying mai, tablet. In 
this and several other inscriptions the latter word appears in an 
abbreviated form, but in many others, as in the Pictish, it has the 
full form OI, mai or mahi. The last words are onetsa, compounded 
47 The identity of Arbiza and Arribizi is doubtful, as arri, harri, stone, is elsewhere LA hari 
and biza is no bizi. 
48 Fabretti reads ADO instead of LADO. If his be the true reading, it is an exceedingly rare 
one. Artu often occurs alone and with NO gomu and NY gogo, but in this connection I Rave 
not met with it. I have no explanation to offer. , 
